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Nachfrageorientierte Innovationspolitik

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  • Falck, Oliver
  • Wiederhold, Simon

Abstract

In der heutigen Wissens- und Informationsgesellschaft sind Innovationen als elementar für die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung anzusehen. Die Marktgröße und die Bereitschaft des Marktes, Neuerungen anzunehmen, haben dabei einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Generierung und Verbreitung von Innovationen. Spezifische Probleme auf der Nachfrageseite können daher Ansatzpunkte für eine "Nachfrageorientierte Innovationspolitik" sein, verstanden als alles nachfrageseitige, politische Handeln, das dazu beitragen kann, Ineffizienzen im Innovationsprozess zu reduzieren. Mit Regulierung, Förderung der privaten Nachfrage und der öffentlichen Beschaffung von innovativen Gütern und Dienstleistungen lassen sich drei Typen von nachfrageorientierter Innovationspolitik unterscheiden. Sowohl in der politischen als auch der akademischen Diskussion genießt die öffentliche Beschaffung dabei eine Vorrangstellung. In der vorliegenden Studie werden zunächst nachfrageorientierte Instrumente in den innovationspolitischen Förderkanon eingeordnet und die Begründungsmuster für ihren Einsatz kritisch hinterfragt. Es zeigt sich, dass sich nur wenige Situationen identifizieren lassen, in denen Unvollkommenheiten im Innovationsprozess die Diffusion von gesellschaftlich wünschenswerten Innovationen verhindern, so dass ein gezielter, an der Nachfrageseite ansetzender staatlicher Eingriff geboten wäre. Überdies bedingen nachfrageorientierte Maßnahmen zumeist einen stärkeren staatlichen Eingriff in das Marktgeschehen als angebotsorientierte Instrumente, die insbesondere auf die Internalisierung von Wissensexternalitäten abzielen. Zudem setzen sie ein hohes Maß an Wissen bei den politischen Entscheidungsträgern sowohl über die Vorzugswürdigkeit neuer Technologien als auch über die Nebeneffekte bei der Nutzung dieser Technologien voraus. Dieser hohe Informationsbedarf birgt die Gefahr von Fehlentscheidungen und politischer Einflussnahme von Unternehmen.

Suggested Citation

  • Falck, Oliver & Wiederhold, Simon, 2013. "Nachfrageorientierte Innovationspolitik," Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem 12-2013, Expertenkommission Forschung und Innovation (EFI) - Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation, Berlin.
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:efisdi:122013
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    2. Dirk Czarnitzki & Paul Hünermund & Nima Moshgbar, 2018. "Public procurement as policy instrument for innovation," Working Papers of Department of Economics, Leuven 606259, KU Leuven, Faculty of Economics and Business (FEB), Department of Economics, Leuven.
    3. Nicolas Bunde & Nina Czernich & Oliver Falck & Clemens Fuest, 2020. "European public goods: The US ARPA system as a role model for promoting disruptive innovation in Europe?," ifo Forschungsberichte, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 117.
    4. Oliver Falck & Michael Ebnet & Johannes Koenen & Julian Dieler & Johann Wackerbauer, 2017. "Consequenses of a potential ban of new cars and light trucks with combustion engines," ifo Forschungsberichte, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 87.
    5. EFI - Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation (ed.), 2013. "Research, innovation and technological performance in Germany - EFI Report 2013," Reports on Research, Innovation and Technological Performance in Germany, Expertenkommission Forschung und Innovation (EFI) - Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation, Berlin, volume 127, number 2013e, September.
    6. Helge Dauchert & Dietmar Harhoff & Patrick Llerena & Wolfgang Crasemann & Carla Dekker & Oliver Falck & Simon Wiederhold & Ludger Wößmann, 2013. "Innovationen auf Bestellung? Was von einer stärkeren Nachfrageorientierung in der Innovationspolitik zu halten ist," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 66(05), pages 03-19, March.
    7. Oliver Falck, 2019. "Brauchen wir eine aktive europäische Industriepolitik?," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 72(10), pages 12-15, May.
    8. Arthur Korus, 2016. "Innovationsorientierteöffentliche Beschaffung und Leitmärkte: Politische Initiativen in der EU," EIIW Discussion paper disbei228, Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, University Library.
    9. Wouter Boon & Jakob Edler, 2018. "Demand, challenges, and innovation. Making sense of new trends in innovation policy," Science and Public Policy, Oxford University Press, vol. 45(4), pages 435-447.

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