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Klimainstrumente im Vergleich: Herausforderungen in Hinblick auf ökologische, ökonomische und soziale Nachhaltigkeit

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  • Berger, Johannes
  • Strohner, Ludwig
  • Thomas, Tobias

Abstract

Der Klimawandel ist eines der bestimmenden Themen der öffentlichen Debatte. Österreich hat sich auf internationaler Ebene verpflichtet, einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Reduktion der CO2 Emissionen zu leisten. Derzeitige Prognosen gehen davon aus, dass Österreich seine nationalen Vorgaben bis zum Jahr 2030 nicht erfüllen wird. Entsprechend sind weitere Maßnahmen notwendig, um diese Ziele zu erreichen. In der vorliegenden Policy Note werden die klimapolitischen Instrumente a) Emissionszertifikatehandel, b) CO2 Steuer und c) Regulierungsmaßnahmen anhand verschiedener Kriterien analysiert. Die Gesamtbewertung hängt davon ab, welchen der Kriterien besonderer Stellenwert beigemessen wird. In Hinblick auf die Zielerreichung hat der Emissionshandel Vorteile, da über die Menge der ausgegebenen Zertifikate das Emissionsziel treffsicher erreicht werden kann. Bei der CO2 Steuer ist die Höhe der Steuer, mit der das vorgegebene CO2-Reduktionsziel erreicht wird, hingegen ex ante bestenfalls abschätzbar. Es besteht demnach die Gefahr, dass der Staat die Steuer zu niedrig oder zu hoch ansetzt und damit das Ziel verfehlt wird oder private Haushalte und Unternehmen unnötig belastet werden. Auch die Vielzahl von Auflagen und Regulierungen sind in der Praxis mit erheblichen Unsicherheiten bezüglich der Zielerreichung verbunden. Kosteneffizienz bedeutet, dass die Klimaziele zu möglichst niedrigsten Kosten für private Haushalte und Unternehmen erreicht werden. Der Emissionshandel und die CO2 Steuer erfüllen das Effizienzkriterium, da die Emissionsvermeidung dort vollzogen wird, wo dies am kostengünstigsten möglich ist. Idealtypisch würden alle Sektoren und Staaten von einem Klimainstrument umfasst. Dies ist in der Praxis allerdings wenig realistisch. Regulierungen berücksichtigen in der Regel die unterschiedlichen Vermeidungskosten von privaten Haushalten und Unternehmen allenfalls unzureichend und führen daher zu ineffizienten Ergebnissen. In Hinblick auf die Verteilungswirkung zeigen CO2-Steuern und Emissionszertifikate eine eher regressive Wirkung, da Haushalte mit niedrigerem Einkommen einen größeren Anteil ihres Einkommens für mit CO2- Emissionen verbundene Produkte wie Strom oder Heizen ausgeben. Je nach Rückerstattung, kann allerdings auch eine progressive Wirkung erzielt werden. Regulierungen können ebenso zu regressiven Wirkungen führen. In Hinblick auf die Umsetzbarkeit sind Klimainstrumente mit relativ geringen Transaktionskosten verbunden. Sollen Maßnahmen rasch umgesetzt werden, spricht dies eher für CO2 Steuern. Der Emissionshandel bedarf einer Implementierungsphase. Regulierungen sehen häufig Bestandsschutz vor, mit entsprechend verzögerter Wirkung. Die volkswirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen der klimapolitischen Instrumente hängen entscheidend von der Kosteneffizienz, der Überwälzung der Kosten auf die Preise sowie der Verwendung der Einnahmen ab. Internationale Studien zeigen, dass die Wachstumswirkung einer CO2 Bepreisung je nach Höhe und Art der Rückerstattung zwischen plus vier und minus acht Prozent auf 40 Jahre kumuliert ausmachen kann. Auch die Verteilungswirkung ist hiervon abhängig. Zusätzlich erhöht die Überwälzung der CO2 Bepreisung in die Verbraucherpreise die Inflation, was über höhere Lohnabschlüsse die Arbeitskosten erhöhen kann. Auch dies sollte bei der Rückvergütung der Einnahmen berücksichtigt werden.

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  • Berger, Johannes & Strohner, Ludwig & Thomas, Tobias, 2020. "Klimainstrumente im Vergleich: Herausforderungen in Hinblick auf ökologische, ökonomische und soziale Nachhaltigkeit," Policy Notes 39, EcoAustria – Institute for Economic Research.
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:ecoapn:39
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