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Is Universal Health Care in Brazil Really Universal?

Author

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  • Cataife, Guido

    (University of Louisville, Department of Economics)

  • Courtemanche, Charles

    (University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Economics)

Abstract

Since Brazil's adoption of a universal health care policy in 1988, the country's health care has been delivered by a mix of private providers and free public providers. We examine whether income-based disparities in medical care usage still exist after the development of the public network using a nationally representative sample of over 46,000 Brazilians from 2003. We find robust evidence of a positive association between income and doctor visits, private doctor visits, and private medical expenditures. Interestingly, we also find evidence of a positive relationship between income and public doctor visits that disappears after including local area fixed effects to account for variation in availability and quality of medical services across localities. Additionally, we estimate income elasticities of private doctor visits and medical expenditures of well below one, suggesting that private care remains a necessity despite the availability of free public care. These results together suggest that the public health care system in Brazil is not effectively reaching everyone.

Suggested Citation

  • Cataife, Guido & Courtemanche, Charles, 2010. "Is Universal Health Care in Brazil Really Universal?," UNCG Economics Working Papers 10-7, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Economics, revised 27 Dec 2010.
    • Handle: RePEc:ris:uncgec:2010_007
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Andrew M. Jones (ed.), 2006. "The Elgar Companion to Health Economics," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 3572.
    2. Andrew M. Jones, 2012. "health econometrics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics,, Palgrave Macmillan.
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    Cited by:

    1. Kondo, Ayako & Shigeoka, Hitoshi, 2013. "Effects of universal health insurance on health care utilization, and supply-side responses: Evidence from Japan," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 1-23.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    universal health care; Brazil; income elasticity of demand for health care Family Health Program.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I10 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - General
    • O12 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

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