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Deindustrialization, Reindustrialization and Environmental Degradation: Evidence from Ecological Footprint of Turkey

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  • Destek, Mehmet Akif

Abstract

As in most developing countries, Turkey has witnessed the deindustrialization process in 1990s. However, unlike the others, the reindustrialization experience has started in the country since 2002. Despite the existence of some arguments about the environmental impact of such structural changes, they are mostly ignored by empirical studies. For this purpose, the main purpose of this study is to examine the impact of structural changes on environmental degradation in Turkey for the period from 1970 to 2017. In addition, the impact of real income, urbanization and human capital on environmental degradation is also observed. In doing so, the study employs the NARDL approach to clearly obtain the impact of industrialization with both positive and negative shocks. Moreover, both CO2 emission and ecological footprint are used as the indicator of environmental degradation to compare the environmental impact of structural transformation on different degradation indicators. The findings show that deindustrialization results in reduced carbon emissions, but with no significant impact on ecological footprint. Furthermore, we discovered that while both industrialization and reindustrialization lead to lower environmental quality, reindustrialization holds the potential to be less harmful to the environment because of advancements in technology.

Suggested Citation

  • Destek, Mehmet Akif, 2020. "Deindustrialization, Reindustrialization and Environmental Degradation: Evidence from Ecological Footprint of Turkey," MPRA Paper 114149, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 01 Mar 2021.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:114149
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    5. Fairtown Zhou Ayoungman & Abid Hossain Shawon & Ali Sohail, 2025. "Analyzing the impact of financial development, human capital and industrial structure on ecological footprints: a PMG-ARDL approach," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 12(1), pages 1-15, December.
    6. Tehreem Fatima & Asif Razzaq & Xuan‐Hoa Nghiem & Muhammad Saeed Meo, 2025. "How environmental policy stringency, green investment, and renewable energy contribute to environmental pollution and load capacity factor in G11 countries?," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 49(4), pages 3967-3983, November.
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    8. Destek, Mehmet Akif & Hossain, Mohammad Razib & Khan, Zeeshan, 2023. "Premature Deindustrialization and Environmental Degradation," MPRA Paper 117737, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Bilal Aslam & Guitao Zhang & Muhammad Asif Amjad & Shujun Guo & Rui Guo & Azra Soomro, 2026. "Towards sustainable initiatives: Evidence from green finance mitigating ecological footprint in East Asia and Pacific nations," Energy & Environment, , vol. 37(3), pages 1464-1488, May.
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    11. Attahir B. Abubakar & Suleiman O. Mamman & Abdulmalik M. Yusuf, 2025. "Pathways to climate neutrality: The role of structural change," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(2), pages 1729-1744, April.
    12. Azam, Irsa & Guo, Yongsheng & Naseer, Mirza Muhammad, 2025. "The sustainability challenge and social benefits of industrialisation in NICs," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    13. Opoku-Mensah, Evans & Chun, Weide & Wu, Yuan & Zhang, Can & Ofori, Elvis Kwame & Chen, Wei, 2024. "Sectoral innovativeness and environmental sustainability: Unearthing solutions to the resource curse," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    14. Jin, Guangzhu & Huang, Zhenhui, 2023. "Asymmetric impact of renewable electricity consumption and industrialization on environmental sustainability: Evidence through the lens of load capacity factor," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 514-522.
    15. Hasan, Md. Bokhtiar & Wieloch, Justyna & Ali, Md. Sumon & Zikovic, Sasa & Uddin, Gazi Salah, 2023. "A new answer to the old question of the environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Does it work for BRICS countries?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(PB).
    16. Ergün Aktürk & Sena Gültekin, 2025. "The impact of food production on ecological footprint in Turkey: an analysis across agriculture, livestock, and aquaculture," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 27(12), pages 30903-30928, December.
    17. Obaid Ullah & Ali Zeb & Aijun Guo, 2026. "Analysing the ASEAN–China Free Trade Agreement Effect on China's Environmental Sustainability Using Synthetic Control Method (SCM)," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 38(3), pages 589-602, April.
    18. Adebayo, Tomiwa Sunday & Onifade, Stephen Taiwo & Alola, Andrew Adewale & Muoneke, Obumneke Bob, 2022. "Does it take international integration of natural resources to ascend the ladder of environmental quality in the newly industrialized countries?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    19. Destek, Mehmet Akif & Sinha, Avik & Özsoy, Ferda Nakıpoglu & Zafar, Muhammad Wasif, 2023. "Capital Flow and Environmental Quality at Crossroads: Designing a Sustainable Policy Framework for the Newly Industrialized Countries," MPRA Paper 117560, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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    JEL classification:

    • Q56 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth
    • Q57 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Ecological Economics
    • Q58 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environmental Economics: Government Policy

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