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The Effects of Fare-Free Transit on the Travel Behavior of Older Adults

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  • Vieira, Renato. S.
  • Pereira, Rafael H. M.
  • Emanuel, Lucas
  • Alves, Pedro Jorge

Abstract

Transit fare subsidies can be justified as a second-best policy to address automobile-related externalities. Yet, evidence of fare subsidy effectiveness in shifting users from cars to transit, particularly in low- and middle-income contexts, remains limited. This study leverages a large-scale quasi-natural experiment in Brazil, a developing country with high public transit usage, to evaluate the causal effects of a full fare subsidization on travel behaviors among older adults. Utilizing a regression discontinuity design based on age-based eligibility thresholds that vary by sex and city, we analyze data from 11 household travel surveys covering seven metropolitan areas and approximately 25% of the Brazilian population. By comparing individuals just above and below eligibility thresholds, we assess changes in trip frequency, duration by transport mode, and vehicle ownership. Results indicate fare-free transit increases older adults' public transit ridership by approximately 9.4% (se = 4.0 pp), with transit trips becoming 8.2% shorter. However, the rise in transit use predominantly reflects substitution away from walking, which decreased by 9.3% (se = 3.4 pp). Importantly, we find no significant impacts on car usage or vehicle ownership, suggesting that fare-free transit policies may have limited effectiveness in reducing automobile use and related externalities in such contexts.

Suggested Citation

  • Vieira, Renato. S. & Pereira, Rafael H. M. & Emanuel, Lucas & Alves, Pedro Jorge, 2025. "The Effects of Fare-Free Transit on the Travel Behavior of Older Adults," OSF Preprints pywm7_v2, Center for Open Science.
    • Handle: RePEc:osf:osfxxx:pywm7_v2
    DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/pywm7_v2
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