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Pragmatic Policy in Brazil : the political economy of incomplete market reform

Author

Listed:
  • Armando Castelar Pinheiro
  • Regis Bonelli
  • Ben Ross Schneider

Abstract

Os últimos 20 anos foram, como se sabe, um período de grandes transformaçõeseconômicas, políticas, institucionais e sociais no Brasil. Desde a primeira metade dosanos 1990 a economia foi progressivamente aberta, tanto ao comércio quanto aoinvestimento estrangeiro, diversas grandes empresas produtivas foram privatizadas,regulações de preços foram revogadas e um novo marco regulatório foi sendogradualmente erigido. Exceto pela liberalização comercial, que já estava praticamentefinalizada nos moldes originalmente propostos já em meados dos anos 1990, asdemais reformas foram aceleradas após o Plano Real.A consolidação da estabilidade de preços e as reformas orientadas para omercado, por sua vez, requeriam mudanças institucionais. Entre essas se incluem ofortalecimento da concorrência e a criação de agências reguladoras, bem como aaprovação de nova legislação para promover a disciplina fiscal, melhorar a regulaçãodo mercado financeiro e proteger os consumidores.Este trabalho focaliza esse processo gradual e fracamente coordenado de reduçãoda presença do Estado na economia. Detém-se, em especial, na análise dos papéis daideologia, do policy packaging e do pragmatismo na implementação das reformas; nograu em que elas avançaram; em quão bem elas foram implementadas; e em se oprocesso de redução da intervenção estatal veio para ficar.Argumenta que o pragmatismo ? entendido como uma conduta que enfatiza amotivação e as conseqüências práticas como guias para a ação ? foi a principal forçaimpulsionadora das reformas. Em contraste com outros países da América Latina, aideologia e a política jogaram um papel relativamente menor nas reformas no Brasil.Em particular, embora as reformas fossem freqüentemente apresentadas junto comoutras, mais urgentes e populares, para facilitar sua aprovação, elas não foramimplementadas como uma mudança coerente na estratégia de desenvolvimento.Foram, antes, o resultado de um processo flexível, gradual, episódico e formado porpeças desconectadas umas das outras.O pragmatismo levou a reformas que ficaram incompletas e pouco coordenadasentre si. Embora essas características às vezes facilitassem a política das reformas,abrindo janelas de oportunidade e diminuindo a oposição, elas também reduziram aeficácia das reformas. Em particular, o pragmatismo não foi suficiente para gerar aschamadas reformas de segunda geração.Até o presente, o impacto das reformas não foi muito significativo no Brasil, semedido pela aceleração da taxa de crescimento do PIB. O pouco que ocorreu foidecorrente do aumento da produtividade, não se observando uma recuperação dosníveis de investimento. Na medida em que o pragmatismo reflete uma abordagem emque o resultado final é a principal justificativa para a reforma, a falta de umaaceleração significativa do crescimento pode colocar a sustentabilidade das reformasem risco.

Suggested Citation

  • Armando Castelar Pinheiro & Regis Bonelli & Ben Ross Schneider, 2004. "Pragmatic Policy in Brazil : the political economy of incomplete market reform," Discussion Papers 1035, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:1035
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Vicente Cuñat, 2009. "Finance for Development: Latin America in a Comparative Perspective. By BARBARA STALLINGS with ROGERIO STUDART," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 76(301), pages 216-217, February.
    2. Armando Castelar Pinneiro & Regis Bonelli, 2008. "New Export Activities in Brazil: Comparative Advantage, Policy or Self-Discovery?," Research Department Publications 3256, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department.
    3. Armando Castelar Pinneiro & Regis Bonelli, 2008. "Nuevas Actividades Exportadoras en Brasil: Ventaja Comparativa, Políticas o Auto-Descubrimiento?," Research Department Publications 3257, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department.
    4. Jewellord Tolentino Nem Singh, 2014. "Towards Post-neoliberal Resource Politics? The International Political Economy (IPE) of Oil and Copper in Brazil and Chile," New Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(3), pages 329-358, May.
    5. Armando Castelar Pinheiro & Regis Bonelli, 2015. "Comparative Advantage or Economic Policy? Stylized Facts and Reflections on Brazil’s insertion in the world economy – 1994-2005," Discussion Papers 0180, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
    6. Armando Castelar Pinheiro & Regis Bonelli, 2007. "Comparative Advantage or Economic Policy? Stylized Facts and Reflections on Brazil´s Insertion in the World Economy - 1994 - 2005," Discussion Papers 1275, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
    7. Armando Castelar & Regis Bonelli o, 2005. "Financial Development, Growth and Equity in Brazil," Discussion Papers 1118, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
    8. Jewellord T. Nem Singh, 2012. "Who Owns the Minerals? Repoliticizing Neoliberal Governance in Brazil and Chile," Journal of Developing Societies, , vol. 28(2), pages 229-256, June.
    9. Armando Castelar Pinheiro & Regis Bonelli, 2015. "Financial Development, Growth and Equity in Brazil," Discussion Papers 0159, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
    10. Regis Bonelli, 2009. "Estado de uma Nação: Textos de Apoio - Estado e Economia: Estado e E Crescimento Econômico no Brasil," Discussion Papers 1393, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.

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