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L'internationalisation des entreprises : une analyse microéconomique de la mondialisation

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  • Matthieu Crozet

    (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPII - Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales - Centre d'analyse stratégique, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement)

  • Lionel Fontagné

    (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPII - Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales - Centre d'analyse stratégique, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement)

Abstract

L'accroissement des échanges internationaux de biens, et à un moindre degré de services, est sans aucun doute l'un des bouleversements majeurs qui ont marqué l'économie mondiale au cours des dernières décennies. Le ratio des échanges internationaux de biens et services au PIB mondial, tel qu'enregistré par les balances de paiements, dépasse aujourd'hui nettement les 30 %, alors qu'il était inférieur à 13 % au début des années 1970. Encore s'agit-il d'une vision restrictive du phénomène, notamment dans la mesure où la production et la vente sur place des filiales à l'étranger n'est pas comptabilisée en balance des paiements. Ainsi, la mondialisation est un phénomène macroéconomique si visible qu'on l'imagine partout, et s'imposant à tous. Or, les données microéconomiques renvoient une image plus nuancée de la réalité. L'analyse de données microéconomiques de commerce international fait ressortir quelques régularités statistiques originales : dans tous les pays du monde, développés ou émergents, la proportion d'entreprises directement engagées dans une relation internationale est très fortement minoritaire. Elle dépasse rarement les 20 %. De plus, la plupart des exportateurs n'ont qu'une présence extrêmement limitée sur les marchés mondiaux, en n'étant actifs que sur quelques marchés, voisins de leur pays d'origine (plus de 40 % des exportateurs français, par exemple, ne desservent qu'une seule destination).

Suggested Citation

  • Matthieu Crozet & Lionel Fontagné, 2011. "L'internationalisation des entreprises : une analyse microéconomique de la mondialisation," Post-Print hal-00667671, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:hal-00667671
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    References listed on IDEAS

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