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Bagging Time Series Models

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  • Kilian, Lutz
  • Inoue, Atsushi

Abstract

A common problem in out-of-sample prediction is that there are potentially many relevant predictors that individually have only weak explanatory power. We propose bootstrap aggregation of pre-test predictors (or bagging for short) as a means of constructing forecasts from multiple regression models with local-to-zero regression parameters and errors subject to possible serial correlation or conditional heteroskedasticity. Bagging is designed for situations in which the number of predictors (M) is moderately large relative to the sample size (T). We show how to implement bagging in the dynamic multiple regression model and provide asymptotic justification for the bagging predictor. A simulation study shows that bagging tends to produce large reductions in the out-of-sample prediction mean squared error and provides a useful alternative to forecasting from factor models when M is large, but much smaller than T. We also find that bagging indicators of real economic activity greatly reduces the prediction mean squared error of forecasts of US CPI inflation at horizons of one month and one year.

Suggested Citation

  • Kilian, Lutz & Inoue, Atsushi, 2004. "Bagging Time Series Models," CEPR Discussion Papers 4333, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  • Handle: RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:4333
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    Cited by:

    1. Michael McAleer & Marcelo C. Medeiros, 2009. "Forecasting Realized Volatility with Linear and Nonlinear Models," CARF F-Series CARF-F-189, Center for Advanced Research in Finance, Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo.
    2. Andrea Carriero & George Kapetanios & Massimiliano Marcellino, 2011. "Forecasting large datasets with Bayesian reduced rank multivariate models," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(5), pages 735-761, August.
    3. Clark, Todd E. & McCracken, Michael W., 2012. "In-sample tests of predictive ability: A new approach," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 170(1), pages 1-14.
    4. Eric Hillebrand & Marcelo Cunha Medeiros, 2007. "Forecasting realized volatility models:the benefits of bagging and nonlinear specifications," Textos para discussão 547, Department of Economics PUC-Rio (Brazil).
    5. Jin, Daxiang & Yu, Jize, 2023. "Predicting cryptocurrency market volatility: Novel evidence from climate policy uncertainty," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(PC).
    6. Petropoulos, Fotios & Apiletti, Daniele & Assimakopoulos, Vassilios & Babai, Mohamed Zied & Barrow, Devon K. & Ben Taieb, Souhaib & Bergmeir, Christoph & Bessa, Ricardo J. & Bijak, Jakub & Boylan, Joh, 2022. "Forecasting: theory and practice," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(3), pages 705-871.
      • Fotios Petropoulos & Daniele Apiletti & Vassilios Assimakopoulos & Mohamed Zied Babai & Devon K. Barrow & Souhaib Ben Taieb & Christoph Bergmeir & Ricardo J. Bessa & Jakub Bijak & John E. Boylan & Jet, 2020. "Forecasting: theory and practice," Papers 2012.03854, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2022.
    7. Francesco Audrino & Kameliya Filipova, 2009. "Yield Curve Predictability, Regimes, and Macroeconomic Information: A Data-Driven Approach," University of St. Gallen Department of Economics working paper series 2009 2009-10, Department of Economics, University of St. Gallen.
    8. Andrea Carriero & George Kapetanios & Massimiliano Marcellino, 2007. "Forecasting Large Datasets with Reduced Rank Multivariate Models," Working Papers 617, Queen Mary University of London, School of Economics and Finance.
    9. Dantas, Tiago Mendes & Cyrino Oliveira, Fernando Luiz, 2018. "Improving time series forecasting: An approach combining bootstrap aggregation, clusters and exponential smoothing," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 34(4), pages 748-761.
    10. Alquist, Ron & Kilian, Lutz & Vigfusson, Robert J., 2013. "Forecasting the Price of Oil," Handbook of Economic Forecasting, in: G. Elliott & C. Granger & A. Timmermann (ed.), Handbook of Economic Forecasting, edition 1, volume 2, chapter 0, pages 427-507, Elsevier.
    11. Francesco Audrino & Marcelo C. Medeiros, 2008. "Smooth Regimes, Macroeconomic Variables, and Bagging for the Short-Term Interest Rate Process," University of St. Gallen Department of Economics working paper series 2008 2008-16, Department of Economics, University of St. Gallen.
    12. Francisco Dias & Maximiano Pinheiro & António Rua, 2010. "Forecasting using targeted diffusion indexes," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(3), pages 341-352.
    13. Chao Liang & Yi Zhang & Yaojie Zhang, 2022. "Forecasting the volatility of the German stock market: New evidence," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(9), pages 1055-1070, February.
    14. Eric Hillebrand & Marcelo Medeiros, 2010. "The Benefits of Bagging for Forecast Models of Realized Volatility," Econometric Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 29(5-6), pages 571-593.
    15. Meira, Erick & Cyrino Oliveira, Fernando Luiz & Jeon, Jooyoung, 2021. "Treating and Pruning: New approaches to forecasting model selection and combination using prediction intervals," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 547-568.
    16. Andrea Carriero & George Kapetanios & Massimiliano Marcellino, 2007. "Forecasting Large Datasets with Reduced Rank Multivariate Models," Working Papers 617, Queen Mary University of London, School of Economics and Finance.
    17. Feng Ma & Chao Liang & Yuanhui Ma & M.I.M. Wahab, 2020. "Cryptocurrency volatility forecasting: A Markov regime‐switching MIDAS approach," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(8), pages 1277-1290, December.
    18. Liu, Na & Gao, Fumin, 2022. "The world uncertainty index and GDP growth rate," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 49(C).
    19. Chao Liang & Yu Wei & Likun Lei & Feng Ma, 2022. "Global equity market volatility forecasting: New evidence," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(1), pages 594-609, January.
    20. Francesco Audrino & Marcelo C. Medeiros, 2011. "Modeling and forecasting short‐term interest rates: The benefits of smooth regimes, macroeconomic variables, and bagging," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(6), pages 999-1022, September.
    21. Pedro Henrique Melo Albuquerque & Yaohao Peng & João Pedro Fontoura da Silva, 2022. "Making the whole greater than the sum of its parts: A literature review of ensemble methods for financial time series forecasting," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(8), pages 1701-1724, December.
    22. Feng Ma & Xinjie Lu & Lu Wang & Julien Chevallier, 2021. "Global economic policy uncertainty and gold futures market volatility: Evidence from Markov regime‐switching GARCH‐MIDAS models," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(6), pages 1070-1085, September.
    23. Luo, Qin & Bu, Jinfeng & Xu, Weiju & Huang, Dengshi, 2023. "Stock market volatility prediction: Evidence from a new bagging model," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 445-456.
    24. Wang, Jiqian & Huang, Yisu & Ma, Feng & Chevallier, Julien, 2020. "Does high-frequency crude oil futures data contain useful information for predicting volatility in the US stock market? New evidence," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Bootstrap aggregation; Forecasting; Model selection; Pre-testing;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C22 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes
    • C52 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection
    • C53 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Forecasting and Prediction Models; Simulation Methods

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