IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/annopr/v330y2023i1d10.1007_s10479-022-04741-0.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Asset allocation of Australian superannuation funds: a markov regime switching approach

Author

Listed:
  • Emawtee Bissoondoyal-Bheenick

    (RMIT University
    Monash University)

  • Robert Brooks

    (Monash University)

  • Hung Do

    (Massey University
    Vietnam National University)

Abstract

We extend an observable Markov Regime Switching framework to assess the switching behaviour of asset classes of Australian superannuation funds across different fund sizes. We identify the most prominent asset class which contributes to the performance of the investment options and what factors trigger funds’ decisions on rebalancing their portfolio. We find that smaller funds tend to be more active in switching to aggressive options and the larger funds are more conservative. However, in periods of volatility, the large funds are the risk seekers and tend to switch their asset classes and hence their investment strategies. The asset classes whose values add to the performance of the investment options are equity markets and bond markets with the domestic equity market having better performance than international equity market. The switch for the larger funds is driven by volatility of the equity market.

Suggested Citation

  • Emawtee Bissoondoyal-Bheenick & Robert Brooks & Hung Do, 2023. "Asset allocation of Australian superannuation funds: a markov regime switching approach," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 330(1), pages 485-515, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:spr:annopr:v:330:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1007_s10479-022-04741-0
    DOI: 10.1007/s10479-022-04741-0
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10479-022-04741-0
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s10479-022-04741-0?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Butt, Adam & Donald, M. Scott & Foster, F. Douglas & Thorp, Susan & Warren, Geoffrey J., 2018. "One size fits all? Tailoring retirement plan defaults," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 546-566.
    2. Bernard Mees, 2020. "Risk shifting and the decline of defined benefit pension schemes in Australia," Accounting History Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(1), pages 69-87, January.
    3. Ľluboš Pástor & Robert F. Stambaugh, 2001. "The Equity Premium and Structural Breaks," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 56(4), pages 1207-1239, August.
    4. Haldrup, Niels & Nielsen, Frank S. & Nielsen, Morten Ørregaard, 2010. "A vector autoregressive model for electricity prices subject to long memory and regime switching," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(5), pages 1044-1058, September.
    5. Haldrup, Niels & Nielsen, Morten Orregaard, 2006. "A regime switching long memory model for electricity prices," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 135(1-2), pages 349-376.
    6. Brown, Keith C. & Garlappi, Lorenzo & Tiu, Cristian, 2010. "Asset allocation and portfolio performance: Evidence from university endowment funds," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 13(2), pages 268-294, May.
    7. Blake, David & Lehmann, Bruce N & Timmermann, Allan, 1999. "Asset Allocation Dynamics and Pension Fund Performance," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 72(4), pages 429-461, October.
    8. repec:bla:jfinan:v:53:y:1998:i:5:p:1589-1622 is not listed on IDEAS
    9. Karen L. Benson & David R. Gallagher & Patrick Teodorowski, 2007. "Momentum investing and the asset allocation decision," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 47(4), pages 571-598, December.
    10. Paolo Battocchio & Francesco Menoncin & Olivier Scaillet, 2007. "Optimal asset allocation for pension funds under mortality risk during the accumulation and decumulation phases," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 152(1), pages 141-165, July.
    11. Bae, Geum Il & Kim, Woo Chang & Mulvey, John M., 2014. "Dynamic asset allocation for varied financial markets under regime switching framework," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 234(2), pages 450-458.
    12. Roger G. Ibbotson & Paul D. Kaplan, 2000. "Does Asset Allocation Policy Explain 40, 90, or 100 Percent of Performance?," Financial Analysts Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 56(1), pages 26-33, January.
    13. Bollerslev, Tim, 1986. "Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 31(3), pages 307-327, April.
    14. Peter Nystrup & Stephen Boyd & Erik Lindström & Henrik Madsen, 2019. "Multi-period portfolio selection with drawdown control," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 282(1), pages 245-271, November.
    15. Dungey, Mardi & Gajurel, Dinesh, 2014. "Equity market contagion during the global financial crisis: Evidence from the world's eight largest economies," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 38(2), pages 161-177.
    16. Bateman, Hazel & Dobrescu, Loretti I. & Newell, Ben R. & Ortmann, Andreas & Thorp, Susan, 2016. "As easy as pie: How retirement savers use prescribed investment disclosures," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 60-76.
    17. Roger G. Ibbotson, 2010. "The Importance of Asset Allocation," Financial Analysts Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 66(2), pages 18-20, March.
    18. Campbell, John Y. & Viceira, Luis M., 2002. "Strategic Asset Allocation: Portfolio Choice for Long-Term Investors," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198296942, Decembrie.
    19. David R. Gallagher, 2001. "Attribution of investment performance: an analysis of Australian pooled superannuation funds," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 41(1‐2), pages 41-62, July.
    20. Pierre Devolder & Susanna Levantesi & Massimiliano Menzietti, 2021. "Automatic balance mechanisms for notional defined contribution pension systems guaranteeing social adequacy and financial sustainability: an application to the Italian pension system," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 299(1), pages 765-795, April.
    21. Paul Gerrans & Robert Faff & Neil Hartnett & Henk Berkman, 2015. "Individual financial risk tolerance and the global financial crisis," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 55(1), pages 165-185, March.
    22. Philip R. Lane, 2012. "The European Sovereign Debt Crisis," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 26(3), pages 49-68, Summer.
    23. Philip Gharghori & Charly Sujoto & Madhu Veeraraghavan, 2008. "Are Australian Investors Smart?," Australian Journal of Management, Australian School of Business, vol. 32(3), pages 525-544, March.
    24. Anthony W. Lynch & David K. Musto, 2003. "How Investors Interpret Past Fund Returns," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 58(5), pages 2033-2058, October.
    25. Haldrup Niels & Nielsen Morten Ø., 2006. "Directional Congestion and Regime Switching in a Long Memory Model for Electricity Prices," Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, De Gruyter, vol. 10(3), pages 1-24, September.
    26. Reus, Lorenzo & Mulvey, John M., 2016. "Dynamic allocations for currency futures under switching regimes signals," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 253(1), pages 85-93.
    27. Robert Faff & David R. Gallagher & Eliza Wu, 2005. "Tactical Asset Allocation: Australian Evidence," Australian Journal of Management, Australian School of Business, vol. 30(2), pages 261-282, December.
    28. James X. Xiong & Roger G. Ibbotson & Thomas M. Idzorek & Peng Chen, 2010. "The Equal Importance of Asset Allocation and Active Management," Financial Analysts Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 66(2), pages 22-30, March.
    29. Do, Hung Xuan & Brooks, Robert & Treepongkaruna, Sirimon & Wu, Eliza, 2014. "The effects of sovereign rating drifts on financial return distributions: Evidence from the European Union," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 5-20.
    30. Tak Siu, 2012. "A BSDE approach to risk-based asset allocation of pension funds with regime switching," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 201(1), pages 449-473, December.
    31. James R. Cummings & David Gallagher, 2016. "Effect of fund size on the performance of Australian superannuation funds," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 56(3), pages 695-725, September.
    32. Dias, José G. & Vermunt, Jeroen K. & Ramos, Sofia, 2015. "Clustering financial time series: New insights from an extended hidden Markov model," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 243(3), pages 852-864.
    33. Nicholas Barberis, 2000. "Investing for the Long Run when Returns Are Predictable," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 55(1), pages 225-264, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Li, Xiaoyue & Uysal, A. Sinem & Mulvey, John M., 2022. "Multi-period portfolio optimization using model predictive control with mean-variance and risk parity frameworks," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 299(3), pages 1158-1176.
    2. Xiaoyue Li & A. Sinem Uysal & John M. Mulvey, 2021. "Multi-Period Portfolio Optimization using Model Predictive Control with Mean-Variance and Risk Parity Frameworks," Papers 2103.10813, arXiv.org.
    3. Michel Culot & Valérie Goffin & Steve Lawford & Sébastien de Meten & Yves Smeers, 2013. "Practical stochastic modelling of electricity prices," Post-Print hal-01021603, HAL.
    4. Zachmann, Georg, 2013. "A stochastic fuel switching model for electricity prices," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 5-13.
    5. João Pedro Pereira & Vasco Pesquita & Paulo M. M. Rodrigues & António Rua, 2019. "Market integration and the persistence of electricity prices," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 57(5), pages 1495-1514, November.
    6. Gao, Guangyuan & Ho, Kin-Yip & Shi, Yanlin, 2020. "Long memory or regime switching in volatility? Evidence from high-frequency returns on the U.S. stock indices," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    7. repec:uts:finphd:39 is not listed on IDEAS
    8. Bouezmarni, Taoufik & Rombouts, Jeroen V.K., 2010. "Nonparametric density estimation for positive time series," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 54(2), pages 245-261, February.
    9. Yanlin Shi, 2023. "Long memory and regime switching in the stochastic volatility modelling," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 320(2), pages 999-1020, January.
    10. Ergemen, Yunus Emre & Haldrup, Niels & Rodríguez-Caballero, Carlos Vladimir, 2016. "Common long-range dependence in a panel of hourly Nord Pool electricity prices and loads," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 79-96.
    11. Kang, Wensheng & Ratti, Ronald A. & Yoon, Kyung Hwan, 2015. "Time-varying effect of oil market shocks on the stock market," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 61(S2), pages 150-163.
    12. Guiso, Luigi & Sodini, Paolo, 2013. "Household Finance: An Emerging Field," Handbook of the Economics of Finance, in: G.M. Constantinides & M. Harris & R. M. Stulz (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Finance, volume 2, chapter 0, pages 1397-1532, Elsevier.
    13. Keith Cuthbertson & Dirk Nitzsche & Niall O'Sullivan, 2010. "Mutual Fund Performance: Measurement and Evidence," Financial Markets, Institutions & Instruments, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 19(2), pages 95-187, May.
    14. Antoine Ferré & Guillaume de Certaines & Jérôme Cazelles & Tancrède Cohet & Arash Farnoosh & Frédéric Lantz, 2021. "Short-term electricity price forecastingmodels comparative analysis : Machine Learning vs. Econometrics," Working Papers hal-03262208, HAL.
    15. Per B. Solibakke, 2022. "Step‐ahead spot price densities using daily synchronously reported prices and wind forecasts," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(1), pages 17-42, January.
    16. Martin-Valmayor, Miguel A. & Gil-Alana, Luis A. & Infante, Juan, 2023. "Energy prices in Europe. Evidence of persistence across markets," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    17. Eichler, M. & Türk, D.D.T., 2012. "Fitting semiparametric Markov regime-switching models to electricity spot prices," Research Memorandum 035, Maastricht University, Maastricht Research School of Economics of Technology and Organization (METEOR).
    18. Geoffrey Kingston & Susan Thorp, 2019. "Superannuation in Australia: A Survey of the Literature," The Economic Record, The Economic Society of Australia, vol. 95(308), pages 141-160, March.
    19. Stephen Machin & Olivier Marie & Sunčica Vujić, 2012. "Youth Crime and Education Expansion," German Economic Review, Verein für Socialpolitik, vol. 13(4), pages 366-384, November.
    20. repec:uts:finphd:38 is not listed on IDEAS
    21. Stéphane Goutte & David Guerreiro & Bilel Sanhaji & Sophie Saglio & Julien Chevallier, 2019. "International Financial Markets," Post-Print halshs-02183053, HAL.
    22. Higgs, Helen, 2009. "Modelling price and volatility inter-relationships in the Australian wholesale spot electricity markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(5), pages 748-756, September.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Superannuation investment strategies; Asset allocation; Switching; Performance;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G11 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
    • G23 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:annopr:v:330:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1007_s10479-022-04741-0. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.