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Les inégalités ethniques dans l'accès à l'emploi en Nouvelle-Calédonie

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  • Catherine Ris

Abstract

[fre] La Nouvelle‑Calédonie se caractérise dans l’ensemble de l’outre‑mer français par un niveau de PIB par habitant élevé et une croissance forte. Cependant, dans ce pays «riche » , les inégalités sont patentes. Le développement industriel du pays a conduit à de fortes disparités géographiques qui se superposent aux inégalités ethniques. Ainsi, . les caractéristiques socio‑économiques des Kanak, peuple autochtone, diffèrent significativement . de celles des non‑Kanak. Dans ce contexte, des politiques de réduction des inégalités ont été mises en place il y a plus de 20 ans. C’est au regard de cette période de rééquilibrage qu’est ici analysée l’évolution des inégalités liées à l’insertion sur le marché du travail. En utilisant les données des quatre derniers recensements de la population (1989, 1996, 2004 et 2009), cette étude montre que, en 20 ans, le niveau d’éducation de la population calédonienne a fortement progressé. Cette évolution a été plus rapide pour les Kanak que pour les non‑Kanak, conduisant à une réduction de l’impact de la communauté d’appartenance sur l’accès aux diplômes. Cependant, les inégalités d’accès aux diplômes restent préoccupantes : en 2009, un jeune non‑kanak a sept fois plus de chances d’obtenir un diplôme de l’enseignement supérieur qu’un jeune kanak. Parallèlement à cette forte réduction des inégalités dans l’accès aux diplômes, les rapports de chances relatives non‑Kanak / Kanak d’accès à l’emploi ne diminuent que faiblement entre 1996 et 2009. Les Kanak sont toujours marginalisés dans l’accès aux plus hauts diplômes et aux plus hautes responsabilités. Cependant, à toutes les dates, la prise en compte des caractéristiques individuelles et, notamment, du niveau d’éducation conduit à une forte réduction de l’impact de la communauté . d’appartenance sur l’accès à l’emploi, même s’il reste significatif. Les inégalités . d’accès aux diplômes constituent donc le principal facteur d’inégalités dans l’insertion professionnelle.

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  • Catherine Ris, 2013. "Les inégalités ethniques dans l'accès à l'emploi en Nouvelle-Calédonie," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 464(1), pages 59-72.
    • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2013_num_464_1_10229
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2013.10229
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2013.10229
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