IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/nwe/eajour/y2025i4p990-1025.html

On the Connectedness Between Bitcoin, Gold, Gold-Backed Cryptocurrencies and the G7 Banking Sector Stock Indices During Crises: Evidence from Quantile Vector Autoregression and Temporal Frequency Connectivity approach

Author

Listed:
  • Ibrahim Salah Ali Alkhadrawi

    (Faculty of Economics and Management of Sfax, Tunisia)

  • Dirin Mchirgui

    (Faculty of Economics and Management of Sfax, Tunisia)

  • Younes Boujelbene

    (Faculty of Economics and Management of Sfax, Tunisia)

Abstract

This study investigates the dynamic connectedness among conventional cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin), gold-backed currencies (PAXG and DGX), gold, and G7 banking sector indices (USA, Germany, Canada, France, UK, Italy, and Japan). Employing Quantile Vector Autoregression and Temporal-Frequency Connectivity methodologies, our analysis reveals nuanced relationships among these market blocks. France and Germany’s banking indices exhibit the highest connectedness, emphasizing their central roles. Peaks in the Total Connectedness Index coincide with global events, underscoring the market’s sensitivity to external shocks. G7 banking sectors emerge as stable information transmitters, while Bitcoin, PAXG, DGX, and gold act as net receivers of shocks, reflecting their effectiveness as hedges during economic uncertainties. Our time-quantile space approach unveils a symmetrical pattern in dynamic connectivity, emphasizing robust interconnections between positively and negatively shifted assets. The time-frequency connectedness analysis highlights the market’s short-term sensitivity, emphasizing the need for adaptive risk management. Decomposing net directional connectivity into short and long-term dynamics provides valuable insights for investors and risk managers. Ultimately, our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of dynamic connectedness in the cryptocurrency market, offering insights for effective risk management and decisionmaking in this evolving financial landscape.

Suggested Citation

  • Ibrahim Salah Ali Alkhadrawi & Dirin Mchirgui & Younes Boujelbene, 2025. "On the Connectedness Between Bitcoin, Gold, Gold-Backed Cryptocurrencies and the G7 Banking Sector Stock Indices During Crises: Evidence from Quantile Vector Autoregression and Temporal Frequency Connectivity approach," Economic Alternatives, University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria, issue 4, pages 990-1025, Desember.
    • Handle: RePEc:nwe:eajour:y:2025:i:4:p:990-1025
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.unwe.bg/doi/eajournal/2025.4/EA.2025.4.02.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Dirk G. Baur & Brian M. Lucey, 2010. "Is Gold a Hedge or a Safe Haven? An Analysis of Stocks, Bonds and Gold," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 45(2), pages 217-229, May.
    2. Youcef Maouchi & Mohamed Fakhfekh & Lanouar Charfeddine & Ahmed Jeribi, 2024. "Is digital gold a hedge, safe haven, or diversifier? An analysis of cryptocurrencies, DeFi tokens, and NFTs," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 56(60), pages 9158-9173, December.
    3. Yousaf, Imran & Riaz, Yasir & Goodell, John W., 2023. "The impact of the SVB collapse on global financial markets: Substantial but narrow," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 55(PB).
    4. Diebold, Francis X. & Yilmaz, Kamil, 2012. "Better to give than to receive: Predictive directional measurement of volatility spillovers," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 57-66.
    5. Díaz, Antonio & Esparcia, Carlos & Huélamo, Diego, 2023. "Stablecoins as a tool to mitigate the downside risk of cryptocurrency portfolios," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    6. Yousaf, Imran & Yarovaya, Larisa, 2022. "Spillovers between the Islamic gold-backed cryptocurrencies and equity markets during the COVID-19: A sectorial analysis," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    7. Achraf Ghorbel & Wajdi Frikha & Yasmine Snene Manzli, 2022. "Testing for asymmetric non-linear short- and long-run relationships between crypto-currencies and stock markets," Eurasian Economic Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 12(3), pages 387-425, September.
    8. Pesaran, H. Hashem & Shin, Yongcheol, 1998. "Generalized impulse response analysis in linear multivariate models," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(1), pages 17-29, January.
    9. Triki, Mohamed Bilel & Ben Maatoug, Abderrazek, 2021. "The GOLD market as a safe haven against the stock market uncertainty: Evidence from geopolitical risk," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    10. Barunik, Jozef & Krehlik, Tomas & Vacha, Lukas, 2016. "Modeling and forecasting exchange rate volatility in time-frequency domain," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 251(1), pages 329-340.
    11. Jozef Baruník & Tomáš Křehlík, 2018. "Measuring the Frequency Dynamics of Financial Connectedness and Systemic Risk," Journal of Financial Econometrics, Oxford University Press, vol. 16(2), pages 271-296.
    12. Azmi, Wajahat & Anwer, Zaheer & Azmi, Shujaat Naeem & Nobanee, Haitham, 2023. "How did major global asset classes respond to Silicon Valley Bank failure?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 56(C).
    13. Samuel Kwaku Agyei & Peterson Owusu Junior & Ahmed Bossman & Emmanuel Asafo-Adjei & Oliver Asiamah & Anokye Mohammed Adam, 2022. "Spillovers and contagion between BRIC and G7 markets: New evidence from time-frequency analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(7), pages 1-29, July.
    14. Takashi Kanamura, 2023. "A difference in COVID-19 impact on bank stocks between Japan and the US," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 3(7), pages 1-23, July.
    15. Isaac Appiah-Otoo, 2023. "The Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War on the Cryptocurrency Market," Asian Economics Letters, Asia-Pacific Applied Economics Association, vol. 4(1), pages 1-5.
    16. Hussain Shahzad, Syed Jawad & Bouri, Elie & Roubaud, David & Kristoufek, Ladislav, 2020. "Safe haven, hedge and diversification for G7 stock markets: Gold versus bitcoin," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 212-224.
    17. Sabri Boubaker & Nga Nguyen & Vu Quang Trinh & Thanh Vu, 2023. "Market reaction to the Russian Ukrainian war: a global analysis of the banking industry," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 22(1), pages 123-153, January.
    18. Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli & Pedraza, Alvaro & Ruiz-Ortega, Claudia, 2021. "Banking sector performance during the COVID-19 crisis," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    19. Bejaoui, Azza & Frikha, Wajdi & Jeribi, Ahmed & Bariviera, Aurelio F., 2023. "Connectedness between emerging stock markets, gold, cryptocurrencies, DeFi and NFT: Some new evidence from wavelet analysis," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 619(C).
    20. Sabri Boubaker & Nga Nguyen & Vu Quang Trinh & Thanh Vu, 2023. "Market reaction to the Russian Ukrainian war: a global analysis of the banking industry," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 22(1), pages 123-153, January.
    21. Bouri, Elie & Hussain Shahzad, Syed Jawad & Roubaud, David, 2020. "Cryptocurrencies as hedges and safe-havens for US equity sectors," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 294-307.
    22. Berna Kirkulak Uludag & Muzammil Khurshid, 2019. "Volatility spillover from the Chinese stock market to E7 and G7 stock markets," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 46(1), pages 90-105, January.
    23. Kim, Sangbae & In, Francis, 2007. "On the relationship between changes in stock prices and bond yields in the G7 countries: Wavelet analysis," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 17(2), pages 167-179, April.
    24. Diebold, Francis X. & Yılmaz, Kamil, 2014. "On the network topology of variance decompositions: Measuring the connectedness of financial firms," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 182(1), pages 119-134.
    25. Fakhfekh, Mohamed & Bejaoui, Azza & Bariviera, Aurelio F. & Jeribi, Ahmed, 2024. "Dependence structure between NFT, DeFi and cryptocurrencies in turbulent times: An Archimax copula approach," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yasmine Snene Manzli & Naif Alsagr & Ahmed Jeribi, 2026. "Testing safe haven properties of digital and financial assets: wavelet coherence insights from G7 banking sector indices during crises," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 13(1), pages 1-15, December.
    2. Wael Dammak & Halilibrahim Gökgöz & Ahmed Jeribi, 2025. "Analysis of Gold, Bitcoin, and Gold-Backed Cryptocurrencies as Safe Havens during Global Crises: A Focus on Artificial Intelligence Companies," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 66(4), pages 2843-2872, October.
    3. Olfa El Aoun, 2026. "Market-specific connectedness behaviors across quantiles and frequencies connectedness patterns among G7 markets, commodities, bitcoin, and interest rate spread," Digital Finance, Springer, vol. 8(1), pages 1-45, March.
    4. Abrar, Afsheen & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Karim, Sitara & Lucey, Brian M. & Vigne, Samuel A., 2024. "Shining in or fading out: Do precious metals sparkle for cryptocurrencies?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    5. Abakah, Emmanuel Joel Aikins & Abdullah, Mohammad & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Wali Ullah, G M, 2024. "Asymmetric dynamics between geopolitical conflict sentiment and cryptomarkets," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    6. Ijaz, Muhammad Shahzad & Ullah, Alishba Rahman & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2025. "Exploring the dynamic connectedness between uranium stocks and metals: Implications for portfolio diversification," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
    7. Siddique, Md Abubakar & Nobanee, Haitham & Karim, Sitara & Naz, Farah, 2022. "Investigating the role of metal and commodity classes in overcoming resource destabilization," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    8. Mbarek, Marouene & Msolli, Badreddine, 2025. "Tokens and cryptocurrencies: Evidence from asymmetric frequency connectedness approach," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77(PA).
    9. Mensi, Walid & Al Rababa'a, Abdel Razzaq & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2021. "Asymmetric spillover and network connectedness between crude oil, gold, and Chinese sector stock markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    10. Ha, Le Thanh & Nham, Nguyen Thi Hong, 2022. "An application of a TVP-VAR extended joint connected approach to explore connectedness between WTI crude oil, gold, stock and cryptocurrencies during the COVID-19 health crisis," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    11. Muhammad Abubakr Naeem & Mudassar Hasan & Abraham Agyemang & Md Iftekhar Hasan Chowdhury & Faruk Balli, 2023. "Time‐frequency dynamics between fear connectedness of stocks and alternative assets," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(2), pages 2188-2201, April.
    12. Mbarek, Marouene & Msolli, Badreddine, 2025. "Assessing linkages between supply chain tokens and other assets: Evidence from a time-frequency quantile connectedness approach," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 46(C).
    13. You, Kefei & Raju Chinthalapati, V.L. & Mishra, Tapas & Patra, Ramakanta, 2024. "International trade network and stock market connectedness: Evidence from eleven major economies," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    14. Sobti, Neharika, 2025. "What triggers intraday price jumps and co-jumps in gold?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).
    15. Ali, Shoaib & Naveed, Muhammad & Hanif, Hasan & Gubareva, Mariya, 2024. "The resilience of Shariah-compliant investments: Probing the static and dynamic connectedness between gold-backed cryptocurrencies and GCC equity markets," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    16. Maghyereh, Aktham & Awartani, Basel & Virk, Nader S., 2022. "Asymmetric risk transmissions between oil, gold and US equities: Recent evidence from the realized variance of the futures prices," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    17. Nourhaine Nefzi & Abir Melki & Sahar Loukil & Ahmed Jeribi, 2026. "How do cryptocurrencies connect? Insights from conventional cryptocurrencies, DeFi, NFTs, and gold-backed cryptocurrencies," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 12(1), pages 1-23, December.
    18. Disli, Mustafa & Nagayev, Ruslan & Salim, Kinan & Rizkiah, Siti K. & Aysan, Ahmet F., 2021. "In search of safe haven assets during COVID-19 pandemic: An empirical analysis of different investor types," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    19. Yousaf, Imran & Hunjra, Ahmed Imran & Alshater, Muneer M. & Bouri, Elie & Li, Yanshuang, 2023. "Multidimensional connectedness among the volatility of global financial markets around the Russian-Ukrainian conflict," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    20. Zhang, Yulian & Hamori, Shigeyuki, 2025. "Portfolio implications based on quantile connectedness among cryptocurrency, stock, energy, and safe-haven assets," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • C58 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Financial Econometrics
    • G01 - Financial Economics - - General - - - Financial Crises
    • G11 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:nwe:eajour:y:2025:i:4:p:990-1025. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Vanya Lazarova (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/unweebg.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.