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Collaboration as a service (CaaS) to fully integrate public transportation – Lessons from long distance travel to reimagine mobility as a service

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  • Merkert, Rico
  • Bushell, James
  • Beck, Matthew J.

Abstract

Integrated mobility aims to improve multimodal integration to make public transport an attractive alternative to private transport. This paper critically reviews extant literature and current public transport governance frameworks of transport operators across a macro and micro spectrum. Our aim is to extend the concept of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS), a proposed coordination mechanism for public transport that is yet to prove its commercial viability and general acceptance. Drawing from avaition experiences, we propose that smart ticketing systems, providing Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) can be extended with governance and operational processes that enhance their ability to facilitate Collaboration-as-a-Service (CaaS) to offer a reimagined MaaS2.0 = CaaS + SaaS. Rather than using the traditional MaaS broker, CaaS incorporates operators more fully and utilises their commercial self-interest to deliver commercially viable and attractive integrated public transport solutions to consumers. This would also facilitate more collaboration of private sector operators into public transport across short and long distance with potentially new opportunities for taxi/rideshare/bikeshare operators and cross geographical transport providers (i.e. transnational multimodal operating companies) to integrate.

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  • Merkert, Rico & Bushell, James & Beck, Matthew J., 2020. "Collaboration as a service (CaaS) to fully integrate public transportation – Lessons from long distance travel to reimagine mobility as a service," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 267-282.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:transa:v:131:y:2020:i:c:p:267-282
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2019.09.025
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    3. Tiziana Campisi & Socrates Basbas & Anastasios Skoufas & Nurten Akgün & Dario Ticali & Giovanni Tesoriere, 2020. "The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Resilience of Sustainable Mobility in Sicily," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-24, October.
    4. Kayikci, Yasanur & Kabadurmus, Ozgur, 2022. "Barriers to the adoption of the mobility-as-a-service concept: The case of Istanbul, a large emerging metropolis," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 219-236.
    5. Wilson, Anna & Mason, Ben, 2020. "The coming disruption – The rise of mobility as a service and the implications for government," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    6. Xi, Haoning & Liu, Wei & Waller, S. Travis & Hensher, David A. & Kilby, Philip & Rey, David, 2023. "Incentive-compatible mechanisms for online resource allocation in Mobility-as-a-Service systems," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 119-147.
    7. Merkert, Rico & Wong, Yale Z., 2020. "Emerging business models and implications for the transport ecosystem," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    8. Zhang, Yufeng & Khani, Alireza, 2021. "Integrating transit systems with ride-sourcing services: A study on the system users’ stochastic equilibrium problem," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 95-123.
    9. Bushell, James & Merkert, Rico & Beck, Matthew J., 2022. "Consumer preferences for operator collaboration in intra- and intercity transport ecosystems: Institutionalising platforms to facilitate MaaS 2.0," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 160-178.
    10. Amparo Moyano & Carlos Tejero-Beteta & Santos Sánchez-Cambronero, 2023. "Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) and High-Speed Rail Operators: Do Not Let the Train Pass!," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-19, May.
    11. Takebayashi, Mikio & Yamaguchi, Hiromichi, 2022. "Managing a multiple-gateway airport system with super high-speed rail," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    12. Marc Schabka & Aurelia Kammerhofer & Valerie Batiajew & Maria Juschten, 2022. "Driving Forces and Barriers for the Implementation of Mobility Services in Austria—A Practitioner Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-26, September.
    13. Schmalz, Ulrike & Ringbeck, Jürgen & Spinler, Stefan, 2021. "Door-to-door air travel: Exploring trends in corporate reports using text classification models," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
    14. Merkert, Rico & Beck, Matthew J., 2020. "Can a strategy of integrated air-bus services create a value proposition for regional aviation management?," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 527-539.
    15. Doll, Claus & Krauss, Konstantin, 2022. "Nachhaltige Mobilität und innovative Geschäftsmodelle," Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem 10-2022, Expertenkommission Forschung und Innovation (EFI) - Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation, Berlin.
    16. Haarstad, Håvard & Sareen, Siddharth & Kandt, Jens & Coenen, Lars & Cook, Matthew, 2022. "Beyond automobility? Lock-in of past failures in low-carbon urban mobility innovations," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    17. Kuo, Yong-Hong & Leung, Janny M.Y. & Yan, Yimo, 2023. "Public transport for smart cities: Recent innovations and future challenges," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 306(3), pages 1001-1026.

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