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Mobility as a Service: A Critical Review of Definitions, Assessments of Schemes, and Key Challenges

Author

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  • Peraphan Jittrapirom

    (Nijmegen School of Managment, Radboud University, The Netherlands)

  • Valeria Caiati

    (Department of the Built Environment, Urban Planning Group, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, The Netherlands)

  • Anna-Maria Feneri

    (Department of the Built Environment, Urban Planning Group, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, The Netherlands)

  • Shima Ebrahimigharehbaghi

    (Nijmegen School of Managment, Radboud University, The Netherlands)

  • María J. Alonso González

    (Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands)

  • Jishnu Narayan

    (Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands)

Abstract

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is a recent innovative transport concept, anticipated to induce significant changes in the current transport practices. However, there is ambiguity surrounding the concept; it is uncertain what are the core characteristics of MaaS and in which way they can be addressed. Further, there is a lack of an assessment framework to classify their unique characteristics in a systematic manner, even though several MaaS schemes have been implemented around the world. In this study, we define this set of attributes through a literature review, which is then used to describe selected MaaS schemes and existing applications. We also examine the potential implications of the identified core characteristics of the service on the following three areas of transport practices: travel demand modelling, a supply-side analysis, and designing business model. Finally, we propose the necessary enhancements needed to deliver such an innovative service like MaaS, by establishing the state of art in those fields.

Suggested Citation

  • Peraphan Jittrapirom & Valeria Caiati & Anna-Maria Feneri & Shima Ebrahimigharehbaghi & María J. Alonso González & Jishnu Narayan, 2017. "Mobility as a Service: A Critical Review of Definitions, Assessments of Schemes, and Key Challenges," Urban Planning, Cogitatio Press, vol. 2(2), pages 13-25.
    • Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v2:y:2017:i:2:p:13-25
    DOI: 10.17645/up.v2i2.931
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. H. Zhou & J. L. Dorsman & M. Mandjes & M. Snelder, 2025. "A tour-based multimodal mode choice model for impact assessment of new mobility concepts and mobility as a service," Transportation, Springer, vol. 52(3), pages 895-921, June.
    2. Ioannis Kanakis & Stathis Arapostathis & Stelios Rozakis, 2025. "Technology, Behavior, and Governance: Far Away, Yet So Close! A Comprehensive Review of the Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Literature," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-44, May.
    3. Marit K. Natvig & Erlend Stav & Audun Vennesland, 2025. "Systematic mapping of scientific publications on MaaS," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 75(1), pages 83-118, February.
    4. Lingjuan Chen & Yanjing Yang & Lin Wang & Cong Xie & Lin He & Minghui Ma, 2025. "Day-to-Day and Within-Day Traffic Assignment Model of Heterogeneous Travelers Within the MaaS Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-30, March.
    5. Hensher, David A. & Nelson, John D., 2025. "Do integrated mobility services have a future? The neglected role of non-mobility service providers: Challenges, and opportunities to extract sustainable transport outcomes," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 348-357.
    6. Alexandra Hoess & Jonathan Lautenschlager & Johannes Sedlmeir & Gilbert Fridgen & Vincent Schlatt & Nils Urbach, 2025. "Toward Seamless Mobility-as-a-Service," Business & Information Systems Engineering: The International Journal of WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK, Springer;Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. (GI), vol. 67(2), pages 149-170, April.
    7. Kriswardhana, Willy & Esztergár-Kiss, Domokos, 2025. "The role of intermodality and environmental consciousness in the preferences for MaaS bundles: A hybrid choice modeling approach," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    8. Wang, Xiangting & Lv, Ying & Sun, Huijun & Wang, Xingrong & Zhu, Chuang, 2025. "Multi-modal travel route planning considering environmental preference under uncertainties: A distributionally robust optimization approach," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    9. Kuttler, Tobias, 2025. "Urban mobilities in Mumbai: Towards worker-centric platformisation beyond ‘urban solutionism’," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 62(9), pages 1750-1770.
    10. Tang, Justin Hayse Chiwing G. & Liu, Junbei & Chen, Anthony & Wang, Bobin & Zhuge, Chengxiang & Yang, Xiong, 2025. "Exploring the potential adoption of Mobility-as-a-Service in Beijing: A spatial agent-based model," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    11. Yao, Enjian & Hao, He & Pan, Long & Chen, Rongsheng & Wang, Yue & Xiao, Hui, 2025. "Investigating the willingness of shifting to MaaS in one-trip scenarios: Insights from comparative stated surveys," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).

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