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External dependence on digital technology: How does it affect R&D models?

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  • Tong, Yiming
  • Han, Zhaoxi

Abstract

The development of digital technology brings new opportunities for firms’ R&D. However, how technology dependence caused by unbalanced digital technology distribution affects R&D innovation is still not clear. Using the data from listed high-tech manufacturing firms in China from 2012 to 2020, this study explores how external dependence on digital technology influences firm’s R&D models. The findings indicate that external dependence on digital technology restricts independent R&D but promotes external collaborative R&D. It also has an inverted U-shaped effect on intra-group collaborative R&D. Based on the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework, the results reveals that technology diversification, cross-boundary experience, team scale, and knowledge integration capability can strengthen the relationship between external dependence on digital technology and R&D models. Further analysis shows that this relationship is more pronounced in regions with fierce industry competition and strong policy support. This study improves the understanding of how external dependence on digital technology affects firm’s R&D models, and expands the literature on digital innovation and R&D management. The findings also highlight the role of TOE factors in managing digital technology dependence and offer valuable insights for improving inter-organizational digital collaboration and facilitating digital transformation.

Suggested Citation

  • Tong, Yiming & Han, Zhaoxi, 2026. "External dependence on digital technology: How does it affect R&D models?," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:teinso:v:84:y:2026:i:c:s0160791x25002878
    DOI: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.103097
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