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Carbon emissions from power sector in Pakistan and opportunities to mitigate those

Author

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  • Yousuf, I.
  • Ghumman, A.R.
  • Hashmi, H.N.
  • Kamal, M.A.

Abstract

Many developing countries are acutely vulnerable to global climate changes. Pakistan ranks amongst the top of those nations where vulnerability index due to climate changes is very high. Though many of these are not major contributors to the Green House Gases (GHGs) emissions, yet they have adequate potential to mitigate GHGs in various sectors. The power sector, for instance, is one of the major contributors to GHGs in Pakistan and has prospects of abating GHGs by undertaking alternative and improving measures. The GHG contribution from grid connected power plants can be estimated through baseline emissions factor. This paper has calculated this baseline emission factor by determining annual fossil fuel consumption in the grid connected power plants, their net efficiencies, energy outputs and carbon emissions from each fuel source. The data in this regard has been collected from Pakistan Energy Year Book published in 2009, 2010 and 2011 and through related government agencies. The tools, procedures and methodologies of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are followed in this regard. The paper has calculated that the weighted average baseline emissions factor for power sector in Pakistan is 0.566tCO2/MWh (tons of carbon dioxide per megawatt hour) for wind and solar power projects and 0.478tCO2/MWh for hydro power projects excluding Karachi Electric Supply Company (KESC) grid and 0.606tCO2/MWh for wind and solar power projects and 0.505tCO2/MWh for hydro by including KESC grid. This baseline emissions factor is also a determinant of the amount of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) that can be accrued by implementing clean Alternative and Renewable Energy (ARE) projects. The amount of CERs generated by an ARE project also have the prospects to earn the carbon revenue streams. The paper has also suggested measures for mitigating grid emissions.

Suggested Citation

  • Yousuf, I. & Ghumman, A.R. & Hashmi, H.N. & Kamal, M.A., 2014. "Carbon emissions from power sector in Pakistan and opportunities to mitigate those," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 71-77.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:34:y:2014:i:c:p:71-77
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.003
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    6. Khan, M.A. & Tahir, A., 2018. "Economic Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture Productivity by 2035: A case study of Pakistan," 2018 Conference, July 28-August 2, 2018, Vancouver, British Columbia 275969, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    7. Khan, Ali Nawaz & En, Xie & Raza, Muhammad Yousaf & Khan, Naseer Abbas & Ali, Ahsan, 2020. "Sectorial study of technological progress and CO2 emission: Insights from a developing economy," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
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    12. Zhang, Ning & Zhang, Duo & Zuo, Jian & Miller, Travis R. & Duan, Huabo & Schiller, Georg, 2022. "Potential for CO2 mitigation and economic benefits from accelerated carbonation of construction and demolition waste," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    13. Shazia Noor & Hadeed Ashraf & Muhammad Sultan & Zahid Mahmood Khan, 2020. "Evaporative Cooling Options for Building Air-Conditioning: A Comprehensive Study for Climatic Conditions of Multan (Pakistan)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-23, June.
    14. Khatri, Krishan Lal & Muhammad, Amir Raza & Soomro, Shakir Ali & Tunio, Nadeem Ahmed & Ali, Muhammad Mubarak, 2021. "Investigation of possible solid waste power potential for distributed generation development to overcome the power crises of Karachi city," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    15. Sajjad Ali & Liu Ying & Tariq Shah & Azam Tariq & Abbas Ali Chandio & Ihsan Ali, 2019. "Analysis of the Nexus of CO 2 Emissions, Economic Growth, Land under Cereal Crops and Agriculture Value-Added in Pakistan Using an ARDL Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-18, December.
    16. Ashfaq, Asad & Ianakiev, Anton, 2018. "Features of fully integrated renewable energy atlas for Pakistan; wind, solar and cooling," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 14-27.
    17. Sajid Mehmood & Serguey A. Maximov & Hannah Chalmers & Daniel Friedrich, 2020. "Energetic, Economic and Environmental (3E) Assessment and Design of Solar-Powered HVAC Systems in Pakistan," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-25, August.
    18. Hadeed Ashraf & Muhammad Sultan & Uzair Sajjad & Muhammad Wakil Shahzad & Muhammad Farooq & Sobhy M. Ibrahim & Muhammad Usman Khan & Muhammad Ahmad Jamil, 2022. "Potential Investigation of Membrane Energy Recovery Ventilators for the Management of Building Air-Conditioning Loads," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-23, March.
    19. Qudrat-Ullah, Hassan, 2022. "A review and analysis of renewable energy policies and CO2 emissions of Pakistan," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    20. Raza, Muhammad Yousaf & Lin, Boqiang, 2022. "Energy efficiency and factor productivity in Pakistan: Policy perspectives," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    21. Sajjad Ali & Li Gucheng & Liu Ying & Muhammad Ishaq & Tariq Shah, 2019. "The Relationship between Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Economic Growth and Agricultural Production in Pakistan: An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-23, December.

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