IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jrpoli/v74y2021ics0301420721004578.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Decoupling analysis of economic growth and mineral resources consumption in China from 1992 to 2017: A comparison between tonnage and exergy perspective

Author

Listed:
  • Jia, Hongxiang
  • Li, Tianjiao
  • Wang, Anjian
  • Liu, Guwang
  • Guo, Xiaoqian

Abstract

The utilization of mineral resources not only acts as one of the fundamental aspects supporting economic activities, but also leads to resource depletion and ecological environment problems. To achieve economic growth without increases in quantitative mineral resources consumption and adverse environmental effects, it is necessary to conduct a decoupling analysis combining resource decoupling and environmental impact decoupling simultaneously. This study introduces the exergoecological approach into the decoupling analysis framework to investigate the decoupling of China's economic growth from mineral resources consumption and its environmental burden. On this basis, the grey relation analysis (GRA) is adopted to explore influence factors of the decoupling index from three aspects (the technological progress, the industrial structure and the economic growth mode). The results show that: (1) the environmental burden generated by the consumption of building minerals is equivalent to the sum of non-ferrous metal minerals and salt minerals, and almost all the environmental burden of non-fuel minerals consumption comes from the above three categories; (2) the quality of mineral resources has a significant impact on the decoupling index, especially for non-fuel minerals, and the decoupling index measured in exergy replacement costs (ERC) is smaller than that calculated in tons; (3) the decoupling index of fossil fuels is most influenced by the industrial structure, followed by the technological progress and the economic growth mode, while the decoupling index of non-fuel minerals is more influenced by the technological progress and the industrial structure than the economic growth mode. Based on the research results, this study can serve as a foundation to offer decision makers relevant implications for formulation of sustainable development policies.

Suggested Citation

  • Jia, Hongxiang & Li, Tianjiao & Wang, Anjian & Liu, Guwang & Guo, Xiaoqian, 2021. "Decoupling analysis of economic growth and mineral resources consumption in China from 1992 to 2017: A comparison between tonnage and exergy perspective," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:74:y:2021:i:c:s0301420721004578
    DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102448
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420721004578
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102448?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Palacios, Jose-Luis & Calvo, Guiomar & Valero, Alicia & Valero, Antonio, 2018. "The cost of mineral depletion in Latin America: An exergoecology view," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 117-124.
    2. Wang, Wenwen & Li, Man & Zhang, Ming, 2017. "Study on the changes of the decoupling indicator between energy-related CO2 emission and GDP in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 11-18.
    3. Guiomar Calvo & Alicia Valero & Antonio Valero, 2018. "Thermodynamic Approach to Evaluate the Criticality of Raw Materials and Its Application through a Material Flow Analysis in Europe," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 22(4), pages 839-852, August.
    4. Shuai, Chenyang & Shen, Liyin & Jiao, Liudan & Wu, Ya & Tan, Yongtao, 2017. "Identifying key impact factors on carbon emission: Evidences from panel and time-series data of 125 countries from 1990 to 2011," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 310-325.
    5. Li, Tianjiao & Wang, Anjian & Xing, Wanli & Li, Ying & Zhou, Yanjing, 2019. "Assessing mineral extraction and trade in China from 1992 to 2015: A comparison of material flow analysis and exergoecological approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 1-1.
    6. Llop, Maria, 2017. "Changes in energy output in a regional economy: A structural decomposition analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 145-151.
    7. Valero, Alicia & Valero, Antonio & Gómez, Javier B., 2011. "The crepuscular planet. A model for the exhausted continental crust," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 694-707.
    8. de Freitas, Luciano Charlita & Kaneko, Shinji, 2011. "Decomposing the decoupling of CO2 emissions and economic growth in Brazil," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(8), pages 1459-1469, June.
    9. Hoekstra, Rutger & van den Bergh, Jeroen C. J. M., 2003. "Comparing structural decomposition analysis and index," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 39-64, January.
    10. Jie-Fang Dong & Chun Deng & Xing-Min Wang & Xiao-Lei Zhang, 2016. "Multilevel Index Decomposition of Energy-Related Carbon Emissions and Their Decoupling from Economic Growth in Northwest China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-17, August.
    11. Xue-Ting Jiang & Jie-Fang Dong & Xing-Min Wang & Rong-Rong Li, 2016. "The Multilevel Index Decomposition of Energy-Related Carbon Emission and Its Decoupling with Economic Growth in USA," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(9), pages 1-16, August.
    12. Céline Guivarch & Sandrine Mathy, 2012. "Energy-GDP decoupling in a second best world—a case study on India," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 113(2), pages 339-356, July.
    13. Calvo, Guiomar & Valero, Alicia & Valero, Antonio & Carpintero, Óscar, 2015. "An exergoecological analysis of the mineral economy in Spain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 2-8.
    14. Jan Weinzettel & Jan Kovanda, 2011. "Structural Decomposition Analysis of Raw Material Consumption," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 15(6), pages 893-907, December.
    15. Moreau, Vincent & Vuille, François, 2018. "Decoupling energy use and economic growth: Counter evidence from structural effects and embodied energy in trade," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C), pages 54-62.
    16. Kuishuang Feng & Yim Ling Siu & Dabo Guan & Klaus Hubacek, 2012. "Analyzing Drivers of Regional Carbon Dioxide Emissions for China," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 16(4), pages 600-611, August.
    17. Valero, Alicia & Valero, Antonio, 2010. "Physical geonomics: Combining the exergy and Hubbert peak analysis for predicting mineral resources depletion," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 54(12), pages 1074-1083.
    18. Wang, Yafei & Zhao, Hongyan & Li, Liying & Liu, Zhu & Liang, Sai, 2013. "Carbon dioxide emission drivers for a typical metropolis using input–output structural decomposition analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 312-318.
    19. Richard Wood & Konstantin Stadler & Moana Simas & Tatyana Bulavskaya & Stefan Giljum & Stephan Lutter & Arnold Tukker, 2018. "Growth in Environmental Footprints and Environmental Impacts Embodied in Trade: Resource Efficiency Indicators from EXIOBASE3," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 22(3), pages 553-564, June.
    20. Liu, Hong & Wang, Chang & Tian, Meiyu & Wen, Fenghua, 2019. "Analysis of regional difference decomposition of changes in energy consumption in China during 1995–2015," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 1139-1149.
    21. Chen, B. & Yang, Q. & Li, J.S. & Chen, G.Q., 2017. "Decoupling analysis on energy consumption, embodied GHG emissions and economic growth — The case study of Macao," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 662-672.
    22. Whiting, Kai & Carmona, Luis Gabriel & Sousa, Tânia, 2017. "A review of the use of exergy to evaluate the sustainability of fossil fuels and non-fuel mineral depletion," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 202-211.
    23. Zhang, Haiyan & Lahr, Michael L., 2014. "China's energy consumption change from 1987 to 2007: A multi-regional structural decomposition analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 682-693.
    24. Li, Lan-Bing & Hu, Jin-Li, 2012. "Ecological total-factor energy efficiency of regions in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 216-224.
    25. Zhang, Yue-Jun & Da, Ya-Bin, 2015. "The decomposition of energy-related carbon emission and its decoupling with economic growth in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 1255-1266.
    26. Jose-Luis Palacios & Guiomar Calvo & Alicia Valero & Antonio Valero, 2018. "Exergoecology Assessment of Mineral Exports from Latin America: Beyond a Tonnage Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-18, March.
    27. Chen, Jiandong & Wang, Ping & Cui, Lianbiao & Huang, Shuo & Song, Malin, 2018. "Decomposition and decoupling analysis of CO2 emissions in OECD," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C), pages 937-950.
    28. Valero, Alicia & Valero, Antonio & Calvo, Guiomar, 2015. "Using thermodynamics to improve the resource efficiency indicator GDP/DMC," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 110-117.
    29. Li, Hao & Zhao, Yuhuan & Qiao, Xiaoyong & Liu, Ya & Cao, Ye & Li, Yue & Wang, Song & Zhang, Zhonghua & Zhang, Yongfeng & Weng, Jianfeng, 2017. "Identifying the driving forces of national and regional CO2 emissions in China: Based on temporal and spatial decomposition analysis models," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 522-538.
    30. Marković, Dušan & Petković, Dalibor & Nikolić, Vlastimir & Milovančević, Miloš & Petković, Biljana, 2017. "Soft computing prediction of economic growth based in science and technology factors," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 465(C), pages 217-220.
    31. Andreoni, V. & Galmarini, S., 2012. "Decoupling economic growth from carbon dioxide emissions: A decomposition analysis of Italian energy consumption," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 44(1), pages 682-691.
    32. James D Ward & Paul C Sutton & Adrian D Werner & Robert Costanza & Steve H Mohr & Craig T Simmons, 2016. "Is Decoupling GDP Growth from Environmental Impact Possible?," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(10), pages 1-14, October.
    33. Ang, B. W., 2005. "The LMDI approach to decomposition analysis: a practical guide," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(7), pages 867-871, May.
    34. Fotis, Panagiotis & Karkalakos, Sotiris & Asteriou, Dimitrios, 2017. "The relationship between energy demand and real GDP growth rate: The role of price asymmetries and spatial externalities within 34 countries across the globe," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 69-84.
    35. Lin, Boqiang & Ouyang, Xiaoling, 2014. "Analysis of energy-related CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions and reduction potential in the Chinese non-metallic mineral products industry," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 688-697.
    36. Bin Su & B. W. Ang, 2012. "Structural Decomposition Analysis Applied To Energy And Emissions: Aggregation Issues," Economic Systems Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(3), pages 299-317, March.
    37. Lan, Jun & Malik, Arunima & Lenzen, Manfred & McBain, Darian & Kanemoto, Keiichiro, 2016. "A structural decomposition analysis of global energy footprints," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 436-451.
    38. Song, Yi & Huang, Jianbai & Zhang, Yijun & Wang, Zhiping, 2019. "Drivers of metal consumption in China: An input-output structural decomposition analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 1-1.
    39. Enevoldsen, Martin K. & Ryelund, Anders V. & Andersen, Mikael Skou, 2007. "Decoupling of industrial energy consumption and CO2-emissions in energy-intensive industries in Scandinavia," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 665-692, July.
    40. Valero, Antonio & Agudelo, Andrés & Valero, Alicia, 2011. "The crepuscular planet. A model for the exhausted atmosphere and hydrosphere," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(6), pages 3745-3753.
    41. Julia K Steinberger & Fridolin Krausmann & Michael Getzner & Heinz Schandl & Jim West, 2013. "Development and Dematerialization: An International Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(10), pages 1-11, October.
    42. Wang, Qiang & Han, Xinyu, 2021. "Is decoupling embodied carbon emissions from economic output in Sino-US trade possible?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    43. Richard York & Eugene A. Rosa & Thomas Dietz, 2002. "Bridging Environmental Science with Environmental Policy: Plasticity of Population, Affluence, and Technology," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 83(1), pages 18-34, March.
    44. Su, Bin & Ang, B.W., 2012. "Structural decomposition analysis applied to energy and emissions: Some methodological developments," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 177-188.
    45. Wu, Ya & Zhu, Qianwen & Zhu, Bangzhu, 2018. "Comparisons of decoupling trends of global economic growth and energy consumption between developed and developing countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 30-38.
    46. Pu, Zhengning & Fu, Jiasha & Zhang, Chi & Shao, Jun, 2018. "Structure decomposition analysis of embodied carbon from transition economies," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 1-12.
    47. Wei, Wendong & Cai, Wenqiu & Guo, Yi & Bai, Caiquan & Yang, Luzhen, 2020. "Decoupling relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in China's provinces from the perspective of resource security," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    48. Wang, Zhiping & Feng, Chao & Chen, Jinyu & Huang, Jianbai, 2017. "The driving forces of material use in China: An index decomposition analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 336-348.
    49. Pothen, Frank & Schymura, Michael, 2015. "Bigger cakes with fewer ingredients? A comparison of material use of the world economy," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 109-121.
    50. Leal, Patrícia Alexandra & Marques, António Cardoso & Fuinhas, José Alberto, 2019. "Decoupling economic growth from GHG emissions: Decomposition analysis by sectoral factors for Australia," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 12-26.
    51. Shao, Shuai & Yang, Lili & Gan, Chunhui & Cao, Jianhua & Geng, Yong & Guan, Dabo, 2016. "Using an extended LMDI model to explore techno-economic drivers of energy-related industrial CO2 emission changes: A case study for Shanghai (China)," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 516-536.
    52. Brizga, Janis & Feng, Kuishuang & Hubacek, Klaus, 2013. "Drivers of CO2 emissions in the former Soviet Union: A country level IPAT analysis from 1990 to 2010," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 743-753.
    53. Gabriel Carmona, Luis & Whiting, Kai & Valero, Alicia & Valero, Antonio, 2015. "Colombian mineral resources: An analysis from a Thermodynamic Second Law perspective," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 23-28.
    54. Elliott, Robert J.R. & Sun, Puyang & Zhu, Tong, 2017. "The direct and indirect effect of urbanization on energy intensity: A province-level study for China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 677-692.
    55. Boqiang Lin, & Wang, Miao, 2019. "Possibilities of decoupling for China’s energy consumption from economic growth: A temporal-spatial analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 951-960.
    56. Vassilios Profillidis & George Botzoris & Athanasios Galanis, 2018. "Decoupling of economic activity from transport-related energy consumption: an analysis for European Union member countries," International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 12(3), pages 271-286.
    57. Lee, Wen-Shing & Lin, Yeong-Chuan, 2011. "Evaluating and ranking energy performance of office buildings using Grey relational analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 2551-2556.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Dongdong Chen & Fangfang Guo & Zijian Li & Xiang Ma & Shengrong Xie & Yiyi Wu & Zhiqiang Wang, 2022. "Study on the Influence and Control of Stress Direction Deflection and Partial-Stress Boosting of Main Roadways Surrounding Rock and under the Influence of Multi-Seam Mining," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-24, November.
    2. Lin Zhang & Jinyan Chen & Faustino Dinis & Sha Wei & Chengzhi Cai, 2022. "Decoupling Effect, Driving Factors and Prediction Analysis of Agricultural Carbon Emission Reduction and Product Supply Guarantee in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-22, December.
    3. Wu, Guoyong & Gao, Yue & Feng, Yanchao, 2023. "Assessing the environmental effects of the supporting policies for mineral resource-exhausted cities in China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    4. Khan, Rabnawaz, 2023. "The impact of a new techno-nationalism era on eco-economic decoupling," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    5. Zhaoshuai Pan & Zhaozhi Zhang & Dong Che, 2023. "Exploring Primary Aluminum Consumption: New Perspectives from Hybrid CEEMDAN-S-Curve Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-21, February.
    6. Raza, Muhammad Yousaf & Wu, Rongxin & Lin, Boqiang, 2023. "A decoupling process of Pakistan's agriculture sector: Insights from energy and economic perspectives," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PC).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Song, Yi & Huang, Jianbai & Zhang, Yijun & Wang, Zhiping, 2019. "Drivers of metal consumption in China: An input-output structural decomposition analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 1-1.
    2. Liang, Wei & Gan, Ting & Zhang, Wei, 2019. "Dynamic evolution of characteristics and decomposition of factors influencing industrial carbon dioxide emissions in China: 1991–2015," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 93-106.
    3. Wu, Ya & Zhu, Qianwen & Zhu, Bangzhu, 2018. "Comparisons of decoupling trends of global economic growth and energy consumption between developed and developing countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 30-38.
    4. Wang, Miao & Feng, Chao, 2018. "Decomposing the change in energy consumption in China's nonferrous metal industry: An empirical analysis based on the LMDI method," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2652-2663.
    5. Lu, Qinli & Yang, Hong & Huang, Xianjin & Chuai, Xiaowei & Wu, Changyan, 2015. "Multi-sectoral decomposition in decoupling industrial growth from carbon emissions in the developed Jiangsu Province, China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 414-425.
    6. Román-Collado, Rocío & Cansino, José M. & Botia, Camilo, 2018. "How far is Colombia from decoupling? Two-level decomposition analysis of energy consumption changes," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 687-700.
    7. Yan, Junna & Su, Bin, 2020. "What drive the changes in China's energy consumption and intensity during 12th Five-Year Plan period?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    8. Roinioti, Argiro & Koroneos, Christopher, 2017. "The decomposition of CO2 emissions from energy use in Greece before and during the economic crisis and their decoupling from economic growth," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 448-459.
    9. Wang, Qiang & Han, Xinyu, 2021. "Is decoupling embodied carbon emissions from economic output in Sino-US trade possible?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    10. Jian Liu & Qingshan Yang & Yu Zhang & Wen Sun & Yiming Xu, 2019. "Analysis of CO 2 Emissions in China’s Manufacturing Industry Based on Extended Logarithmic Mean Division Index Decomposition," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-28, January.
    11. Yunlong Zhao & Geng Kong & Chin Hao Chong & Linwei Ma & Zheng Li & Weidou Ni, 2021. "How to Effectively Control Energy Consumption Growth in China’s 29 Provinces: A Paradigm of Multi-Regional Analysis Based on EAALMDI Method," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-26, January.
    12. Radwan, Amira & Hongyun, Han & Achraf, Abdelhak & Mustafa, Ahmed M., 2022. "Energy use and energy-related carbon dioxide emissions drivers in Egypt's economy: Focus on the agricultural sector with a structural decomposition analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    13. Meng, Jing & Zhang, Zengkai & Mi, Zhifu & Anadon, Laura Diaz & Zheng, Heran & Zhang, Bo & Shan, Yuli & Guan, Dabo, 2018. "The role of intermediate trade in the change of carbon flows within China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 303-312.
    14. Wang, Miao & Feng, Chao, 2017. "Analysis of energy-related CO2 emissions in China’s mining industry: Evidence and policy implications," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 77-87.
    15. Cansino, José M. & Román, Rocío & Ordóñez, Manuel, 2016. "Main drivers of changes in CO2 emissions in the Spanish economy: A structural decomposition analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 150-159.
    16. Wang, Miao & Feng, Chao, 2018. "Investigating the drivers of energy-related CO2 emissions in China’s industrial sector: From regional and provincial perspectives," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 136-147.
    17. Linwei Ma & Chinhao Chong & Xi Zhang & Pei Liu & Weiqi Li & Zheng Li & Weidou Ni, 2018. "LMDI Decomposition of Energy-Related CO 2 Emissions Based on Energy and CO 2 Allocation Sankey Diagrams: The Method and an Application to China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-37, January.
    18. Bowen Xiao & Dongxiao Niu & Xiaodan Guo, 2016. "The Driving Forces of Changes in CO 2 Emissions in China: A Structural Decomposition Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(4), pages 1-17, March.
    19. Cansino, José M. & Sánchez-Braza, Antonio & Rodríguez-Arévalo, María L., 2015. "Driving forces of Spain׳s CO2 emissions: A LMDI decomposition approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 749-759.
    20. Min Su & Shasha Wang & Rongrong Li & Ningning Guo, 2020. "Decomposition analysis of the decoupling process between economic growth and carbon emission in Beijing city, China: A sectoral perspective," Energy & Environment, , vol. 31(6), pages 961-982, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:74:y:2021:i:c:s0301420721004578. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/30467 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.