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The historical role of energy in UK inflation and productivity with implications for price inflation

Author

Listed:
  • Castle, Jennifer L.
  • Hendry, David F.
  • Martinez, Andrew B.

Abstract

We model UK price and wage inflation, productivity and unemployment over a century and a half of data, selecting dynamics, relevant variables, non-linearities and location and trend shifts using indicator saturation estimation. The four congruent econometric equations highlight complex interacting empirical relations. The production function reveals a major role for energy inputs additional to capital and labour, and although the price inflation equation shows a small direct impact of energy prices, the substantial rise in oil and gas prices seen by mid-2022 contribute half of the increase in price inflation. We find empirical evidence for non-linear adjustments of real wages to inflation: a wage-price spiral kicks in when inflation exceeds about 6%–8% p.a. We also find an additional non-linear reaction to unemployment, consistent with involuntary unemployment. A reduction in energy availability simultaneously reduces output and exacerbates inflation.

Suggested Citation

  • Castle, Jennifer L. & Hendry, David F. & Martinez, Andrew B., 2023. "The historical role of energy in UK inflation and productivity with implications for price inflation," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:126:y:2023:i:c:s0140988323004450
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106947
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Energy; Inflation; Location shifts; Indicator saturation estimation; Equilibrium correction;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C51 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Model Construction and Estimation
    • C22 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes

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