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Intersex people and household income: Evidence from a nationally representative survey in Chile

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  • Muñoz, Ercio
  • Saavedra, Melanie
  • Sansone, Dario

Abstract

We provide the first evidence on income disparities by sex characteristics using nationally representative data from Chile’s 2022–2023 National Survey on Health, Sexuality, and Gender. Our sample includes 530 intersex respondents, representing 2.77 % of Chile’s population aged 18–64 years. We find substantial household income penalties: on average, intersex female and intersex male individuals belong to households with incomes that are 28.1 log points and 27.9 log points lower than those of endosex male individuals, respectively. These disparities persist even after demographic characteristics, education, region, sexual orientation, and gender identity are controlled for.

Suggested Citation

  • Muñoz, Ercio & Saavedra, Melanie & Sansone, Dario, 2025. "Intersex people and household income: Evidence from a nationally representative survey in Chile," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecolet:v:255:y:2025:i:c:s0165176525003672
    DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2025.112530
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    JEL classification:

    • I14 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health and Inequality
    • J15 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J31 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
    • J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing

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