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The Lives of Intersex People: Socio-Economic and Health Disparities in Mexico

Author

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  • Muñoz, Ercio
  • Saavedra, Melanie
  • Sansone, Dario

Abstract

This paper reports socioeconomic and health outcomes for individuals born with sex variations (i.e., intersex individuals) in Mexico based on large nationally representative survey data collected between 2021 and 2022 (N44,189). The sample includes 608 intersex respondents, corresponding to a weighted estimate of approximately 1.6% of individuals aged 1564 years, i.e., almost 1.3 million intersex people. The main empirical analysis documents substantial negative outcomes for intersex individuals. There are significant disparities in mental, physical, and sexual health between intersex respondents and the endosex population, including higher rates of bullying during childhood (26% vs. 15% for endosex male and female individuals), harassment and violence in adulthood (20% vs. 10% for endosex male individuals), and mental health issues (46% vs. 34% for endosex male individuals). Additionally, intersex individuals have lower educational levels and are more likely to experience workplace rejection, exclusion, and discrimination and to face substantial barriers in healthcare environments.

Suggested Citation

  • Muñoz, Ercio & Saavedra, Melanie & Sansone, Dario, 2025. "The Lives of Intersex People: Socio-Economic and Health Disparities in Mexico," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 14091, Inter-American Development Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:idb:brikps:14091
    DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0013510
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    JEL classification:

    • I14 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health and Inequality
    • J15 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing

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