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Heterogeneous effects of COVID-19 lockdown measures on air quality in Northern China

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  • Wang, Junfeng
  • Xu, Xiaoya
  • Wang, Shimeng
  • He, Shutong
  • He, Pan

Abstract

In response to the spread of COVID-19, China implemented a series of control measures. The causal effect of these control measures on air quality is an important consideration for extreme air pollution control in China. Here, we established a difference-in-differences model to quantitatively estimate the lockdown effect on air quality in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. We found that the lockdown measures did have an obvious effect on air quality. The air quality index (AQI) was reduced by 15.2%, the concentration of NO2, PM10, PM2.5, and CO were reduced by 37.8%, 33.6%, 21.5%, and 20.4% respectively. At the same time, we further explored the heterogeneous effects of travel restrictions and the control measure intensity on air quality. We found that the traffic restrictions, especially the restriction of intra-city travel intensity (TI), exhibited a significant heterogeneous effect on NO2 with a decrease of approximately 13.6%, and every one-unit increase in control measures intensity reduced the concentration of air pollutants by approximately 2–4%. This study not only provides a natural, experimental basis for control measures on air quality but also indicates an important direction for future control strategies. Importantly, determining the estimated effect helps formulate accurate and effective intervention measures on the differentiated level of air pollution, especially on extreme air pollution.

Suggested Citation

  • Wang, Junfeng & Xu, Xiaoya & Wang, Shimeng & He, Shutong & He, Pan, 2021. "Heterogeneous effects of COVID-19 lockdown measures on air quality in Northern China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(PA).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:282:y:2021:i:pa:s0306261920315828
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116179
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    5. Laijun Zhao & Yu Wang & Honghao Zhang & Ying Qian & Pingle Yang & Lixin Zhou, 2023. "Diverse spillover effects of COVID-19 control measures on air quality improvement: evidence from typical Chinese cities," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(7), pages 7075-7099, July.
    6. Xialing Sun & Rui Zhang & Geyi Wang, 2022. "Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Health Impact and Economic Loss upon Exposure to PM 2.5 in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-17, February.
    7. Song, Zhe & Liu, Jia & Yang, Hongxing, 2021. "Air pollution and soiling implications for solar photovoltaic power generation: A comprehensive review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 298(C).
    8. Voytenkov, Valentin & Demidova, Olga, 2023. "Impact of COVID-19 on household consumption in Russia," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 72, pages 73-99.

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