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Productivity‐led Pathways to Sustainable Agricultural Growth: Six Decades of Progress

Author

Listed:
  • Jeremy Jelliffe
  • Keith Fuglie
  • Stephen Morgan

Abstract

In recent decades, world agriculture has undergone a vast transformation. Between 1961 and 2020, global agricultural output increased nearly four‐fold while population grew 2.6 times, leading to a 53 per cent increase in output per capita. Real food prices declined, providing for more affordable and diverse diets. There was a pronounced and sustained shift in the location of production to the Global South (developing countries), which increased its share of global agricultural output from 44 to 73 per cent. Since the 1990s, increases in agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) has become the major driver of world agricultural output. However, insufficient productivity growth relative to demand has drawn more resources into agriculture. Globally, agricultural land area expanded 7.6 per cent between 1961 and 2020, although it contracted in the Global North (developed countries). In the EU, where agricultural output has remained relatively flat in recent decades, improvements in productivity reduced total inputs and environmental resources used by the sector. In contrast, in Canada‐United States, productivity growth enabled agricultural output to expand without increasing total inputs and environment resources. By the decade of the 2010s, however, the pace of output and productivity growth in world agriculture slowed, real food prices rose, the number of food insecure people increased, and pressure to expand the use of natural and environmental resources to produce food intensified. Au cours des dernières décennies, l'agriculture mondiale a connu une vaste transformation. Entre 1961 et 2020, la production agricole mondiale a été multipliée par quatre tandis que la population a été multipliée par 2.6, ce qui a entraîné une augmentation de 53 pour cent de la production par habitant. Les prix réels des denrées alimentaires ont baissé, permettant ainsi des régimes alimentaires plus abordables et plus diversifiés. Il y a eu un déplacement prononcé et soutenu de la localisation de la production vers les pays du Sud (pays en développement), qui ont augmenté leur part dans la production agricole mondiale de 44 à 73 pour cent. Depuis les années 1990, l'augmentation de la productivité totale des facteurs (PTF) agricole est devenue le principal moteur de la production agricole mondiale. Toutefois, l'insuffisance de la croissance de la productivité par rapport à la demande a attiré davantage de ressources vers l'agriculture. À l’échelle mondiale, la superficie des terres agricoles a augmenté de 7.6 pour cent entre 1961 et 2020, bien qu'elle se soit contractée dans le Nord (pays développés). Dans l'Union européenne où la production agricole est restée relativement stable au cours des dernières décennies, les améliorations de la productivité ont réduit le total des intrants et des ressources environnementales utilisées par le secteur. En revanche, au Canada et aux États‐Unis, la croissance de la productivité a permis à la production agricole de croître sans hausse de l'utilisation du total des intrants et des ressources environnementales. Cependant, au cours de la décennie 2010, le rythme de croissance de la production et de la productivité de l'agriculture mondiale a ralenti, les prix réels des denrées alimentaires ont augmenté, le nombre de personnes en situation d'insécurité alimentaire s'est élevé et la pression en faveur d'une utilisation accrue des ressources naturelles et environnementales pour produire de la nourriture s'est intensifiée. In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat die Landwirtschaft weltweit einen umfassenden Wandel vollzogen. Zwischen 1961 und 2020 hat sich die globale landwirtschaftliche Produktion fast vervierfacht, während die Bevölkerung um das 2.6‐fache wuchs. Die Pro‐Kopf‐Produktion ist dadurch um 53 Prozent angestiegen. Die realen Lebensmittelpreise gingen zurück, was zu einer preiswerteren und vielfältigeren Ernährung führte. Es kam zu einer ausgeprägten und anhaltenden Verlagerung der Produktion in den Globalen Süden (Entwicklungsländer), der seinen Anteil an der weltweiten landwirtschaftlichen Produktion von 44 auf 73 Prozent erhöhte. Seit den 1990er Jahren ist der Anstieg der totalen Faktorproduktivität (TFP) in der Landwirtschaft zur wichtigsten Triebkraft der weltweiten Agrarproduktion geworden. Das im Verhältnis zur Nachfrage unzureichende Produktivitätswachstum fordert jedoch mehr Ressourcen in der Landwirtschaft. Weltweit nahm die landwirtschaftliche Nutzfläche zwischen 1961 und 2020 um 7.6 Prozent zu, obwohl sie im globalen Norden (entwickelte Länder) schrumpfte. In der EU ist die landwirtschaftliche Produktion in den letzten Jahrzehnten relativ konstant geblieben, allerdings führten hier, Produktivitätssteigerungen zu einer Verringerung des Gesamtinputs und der vom Sektor genutzten Umweltressourcen. Im Gegensatz dazu ermöglichte das Produktivitätswachstum in Kanada und den Vereinigten Staaten eine Ausweitung der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion, ohne dass der Gesamtinput und die Umweltressourcen zunahmen. In den 2010er Jahren verlangsamte sich jedoch das Produktions‐ und Produktivitätswachstum in der globalen Landwirtschaft und die realen Lebensmittelpreise stiegen. Gleichzeitig nahm die Zahl der von Ernährungsunsicherheit betroffenen Menschen zu und damit auch der Druck, die Nutzung natürlicher und ökologischer Ressourcen zur Nahrungsmittelproduktion auszuweiten.

Suggested Citation

  • Jeremy Jelliffe & Keith Fuglie & Stephen Morgan, 2024. "Productivity‐led Pathways to Sustainable Agricultural Growth: Six Decades of Progress," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 23(3), pages 4-13, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:eurcho:v:23:y:2024:i:3:p:4-13
    DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12434
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Fuglie, Keith & Jelliffe, Jeremy & Morgan, Stephen, . "Slowing Productivity Reduces Growth in Global Agricultural Output," Amber Waves:The Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources, and Rural America, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, vol. 2021.
    2. Santiago Guerrero & Maho Nakagawa, 2019. "Productivity improvements and reducing GHG emission intensity in agriculture go together – up to a point," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 18(3), pages 24-25, December.
    3. Matthew Jude Salois, 2015. "Mitigating Climate Change and the Role of Innovation and Productivity: An American Perspective," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 14(2), pages 41-47, August.
    4. Fuglie, Keith, 2015. "Accounting for growth in global agriculture," Bio-based and Applied Economics Journal, Italian Association of Agricultural and Applied Economics (AIEAA), vol. 4(3), pages 1-34, December.
    5. Ariel Ortiz-Bobea & Toby R. Ault & Carlos M. Carrillo & Robert G. Chambers & David B. Lobell, 2021. "Anthropogenic climate change has slowed global agricultural productivity growth," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 11(4), pages 306-312, April.
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    1. Paul Wilson, 2026. "Presidential Address: Obsessions With Farm Performance: A Cinderella Data Story?," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 77(1), pages 3-11, February.

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