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How does monetary policy affect income and wealth inequality? Evidence from quantitative easing in the euro area

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Cited by:

  1. Luisa Corrado & Daniela Fantozzi & Simona Giglioli, 2022. "Real-time inequalities and policies during the pandemic in the US," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 1396, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
  2. Anastasios Evgenidis & Apostolos Fasianos, 2019. "Monetary Policy and Wealth Inequalities in Great Britain: Assessing the role of unconventional policies for a decade of household data," Papers 1912.09702, arXiv.org.
  3. Luisa Corrado & Daniela Fantozzi, 2021. "Micro level data for macro models: the distributional effects of monetary policy," National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) Discussion Papers 529, National Institute of Economic and Social Research.
  4. Jérôme Creel & Mehdi El Herradi, 2024. "Income inequality and monetary policy in the euro area," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(1), pages 332-355, January.
  5. Krenz, Johanna & Tsiaras, Stylianos, 2024. "Household inequality and the transmission of QE in euro area countries," WiSo-HH Working Paper Series 83, University of Hamburg, Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, WISO Research Laboratory.
  6. Ma Eunseong & Park Kwangyong, 2025. "Gini in the Taylor Rule: Should the Fed Care About Inequality?," The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, De Gruyter, vol. 25(1), pages 241-285.
  7. Johnson Worlanyo Ahiadorme, 2022. "Monetary policy transmission and income inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 55(3), pages 1555-1585, August.
  8. Clara De Luigi & Martin Feldkircher & Philipp Poyntner & Helene Schuberth, 2019. "Effects of the ECB’s Unconventional Monetary Policy on Real and Financial Wealth," Department of Economics Working Papers wuwp286, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Department of Economics.
  9. Cokayne, Graeme & Gerba, Eddie & Kuchler, Andreas & Pank Roulund, Rasmus, 2024. "“Thank me later”: Why is (macro)prudence desirable?," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
  10. Battistini, Niccolò & Falagiarda, Matteo & Hackmann, Angelina & Roma, Moreno, 2025. "Navigating the housing channel of monetary policy across euro area regions," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
  11. El-Shagi, Makram & Yamarik, Steven J., 2026. "Federal reserve monetary policy and income inequality across US states," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
  12. Dossche, Maarten & Kolndrekaj, Aleksandra & Propst, Maximilian & Ramos Perez, Javier & Slacalek, Jiri & Vegh, Marton, 2024. "Immigration and the distribution of income, consumption and wealth in the euro area: Implications for economic policies," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 46(5), pages 867-886.
  13. Çerçil, İrfan & Aksaray, Gorkem, 2025. "Monetary policy and inequality: Distributional effects of asset purchase programs," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
  14. João B. Duarte & Nuno Pereira, 2023. "The effect of monetary policy on household consumption expenditures in Portugal: A decomposition of the transmission channel," Portuguese Economic Journal, Springer;Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestao, vol. 22(2), pages 149-172, May.
  15. Ampudia, Miguel & Ehrmann, Michael & Strasser, Georg, 2023. "The effect of monetary policy on inflation heterogeneity along the income distribution," CEPR Discussion Papers 18460, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
  16. Lenza, Michele & Savoia, Ettore, 2024. "Do we need firm data to understand macroeconomic dynamics?," Working Paper Series 438, Sveriges Riksbank (Central Bank of Sweden), revised 01 Apr 2026.
  17. Domonkos, Tomas & Fisera, Boris & Siranova, Maria, 2023. "Income inequality as long-term conditioning factor of monetary transmission to bank rates," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
  18. Sarah Burkinshaw & Yaz Terajima & Carolyn A. Wilkins, 2022. "Income Inequality in Canada," Discussion Papers 2022-16, Bank of Canada.
  19. Anna Samarina & Anh D.M. Nguyen, 2024. "Does Monetary Policy Affect Income Inequality in the Euro Area?," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 56(1), pages 35-80, February.
  20. Vale, Sofia, 2024. "House prices and credit as transmission channels from monetary policy to inequality: Evidence from OECD countries," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 293-307.
  21. Dusan Stojanovic, 2023. "Quantitative Easing in the Euro Area: Implications for Income and Wealth Inequality," CERGE-EI Working Papers wp760, The Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education - Economics Institute, Prague.
  22. Albert, Juan-Francisco & Gómez-Fernández, Nerea, 2018. "Monetary policy and the redistribution of net worth in the US," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 91320, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  23. de Groot, Oliver & Hauptmeier, Sebastian & Holm-Hadulla, Fédéric & Nikalexi, Katerina, 2020. "Monetary policy and regional inequality," Working Paper Series 2385, European Central Bank.
  24. El-Shagi, Makram, 2026. "The effect of monetary policy shocks on inequality in the Eurozone," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
  25. repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/2okfbeuvhi9g2pirgpimtke7pn is not listed on IDEAS
  26. Trung Duc Nguyen & Lanh Kim Trieu & Anh Hoang Le, 2024. "The monetary policy of the State Bank of Vietnam, households and income distribution: the evidence from DSGE model," Journal of Financial Economic Policy, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 16(4), pages 463-482, May.
  27. Sigal Ribon, 2023. "Differential Effects of Monetary Policy on Household Consumption: The Case of Israel," Israel Economic Review, Bank of Israel, vol. 21(1), pages 35-73, March.
  28. Mäki-Fränti, Petri & Silvo, Aino & Gulan, Adam & Kilponen, Juha, 2022. "Monetary policy and inequality: The Finnish case," Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers 3/2022, Bank of Finland.
  29. Julien Pascal, 2024. "Heterogeneity in macroeconomic models: A review of theory and computation," BCL working papers 185, Central Bank of Luxembourg.
  30. Hayo, Bernd, 2023. "Does the ECB's monetary policy affect personal finances and economic inequality? A household perspective from Germany," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
  31. Laura Feiveson & Nils M. Gornemann & Julie L. Hotchkiss & Karel Mertens & Jae W. Sim, 2020. "Distributional Considerations for Monetary Policy Strategy," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2020-073, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
  32. Mandler, Martin & Scharnagl, Michael, 2020. "Estimating the effects of the Eurosystem's asset purchase programme at the country level," Discussion Papers 29/2020, Deutsche Bundesbank.
  33. Pierpaolo Benigno & Paolo Canofari & Giovanni Di Bartolomeo & Marcello Messori, 2023. "The ECB's asset purchase programme: Theory, effects, and risks," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(3), pages 890-914, July.
  34. Desogus, Marco & Casu, Elisa, 2021. "A survey on macroeconomic data and trends in the Eurozone and a control dashboard model based on the KAM and Nekhoroshev theorems and the Hénon attractor," MPRA Paper 114366, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  35. Panagiotis Konstantinou & Anastasios Rizos & Artemis Stratopoulou, 2023. "The dynamic effect of macroprudential policies on income inequality: some evidence," Economics and Business Letters, Oviedo University Press, vol. 12(3), pages 248-265.
  36. Slacalek, Jiri & Tristani, Oreste & Violante, Giovanni L., 2020. "Household balance sheet channels of monetary policy: A back of the envelope calculation for the euro area," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
  37. John Thornton & Chrysovalantis Vasilakis, 2025. "Further evidence on inflation targeting and income distribution," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 91(4), pages 1474-1493, April.
  38. Del Negro, Marco & Diagne, Ibrahima & Dogra, Keshav & Gundam, Pranay & Lee, Donggyu & Pacula, Brian, 2026. "Tradeoffs for the poor, divine coincidence for the rich," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
  39. Clara De Luigi & Martin Feldkircher & Philipp Poyntner & Helene Schuberth, 2023. "Quantitative Easing and Wealth Inequality: The Asset Price Channel," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 85(3), pages 638-670, June.
  40. Andrea Colciago & Anna Samarina & Jakob de Haan, 2019. "Central Bank Policies And Income And Wealth Inequality: A Survey," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(4), pages 1199-1231, September.
  41. Gökhan Ünalan & Özge Çamalan & Hakkı Hakan Yılmaz, 2025. "The Impact of Increases in Housing Prices on Income Inequality: A Perspective on Sustainable Urban Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-21, April.
  42. Cohen, Lior, 2023. "The effects of the BoJ's ETF purchases on equities and corporate investment," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
  43. Philip Bunn & Andrew Haldane & Alice Pugh, 2020. "Has monetary policy made you happier?," Bank of England Staff Working Paper series 880, Bank of England.
  44. Claudio Borio, 2019. "Central banking in challenging times," BIS Working Papers 829, Bank for International Settlements.
  45. Dossche, Maarten & Kolndrekaj, Aleksandra & Propst, Maximilian & Ramos Perez, Javier & Slacalek, Jiri, 2022. "Immigrants and the distribution of income and wealth in the euro area: first facts and implications for monetary policy," Working Paper Series 2719, European Central Bank.
  46. Aliocha Accardo & Sylvérie Herbert & Cristina Jude & Adrian Penalver, 2023. "Measuring and Comparing Consumption Inequality between France and the United States," Working papers 904, Banque de France.
  47. Olga Korotkikh, 2020. "A Multi-Country BVAR Model for the External Sector," Russian Journal of Money and Finance, Bank of Russia, vol. 79(4), pages 98-112, December.
  48. Ampudia, Miguel & Georgarakos, Dimitris & Slacalek, Jiri & Tristani, Oreste & Vermeulen, Philip & Violante, Giovanni L., 2018. "Monetary policy and household inequality," Working Paper Series 2170, European Central Bank.
  49. Georgescu, Oana-Maria & Martín, Diego Vila, 2021. "Do macroprudential measures increase inequality? Evidence from the euro area household survey," Working Paper Series 2567, European Central Bank.
  50. repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/5srl83htc08lnqmtptsrb72rt9 is not listed on IDEAS
  51. Pier Domenico Tortola, 2020. "The Politicization of the European Central Bank: What Is It, and How to Study It?," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 58(3), pages 501-513, May.
  52. Mumtaz, Haroon & Theophilopoulou, Angeliki, 2020. "Monetary policy and wealth inequality over the great recession in the UK. An empirical analysis," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
  53. Elton Beqiraj & Stefano Di Bucchianico & Mario Di Serio & Michele Raitano, 2026. "The effects of monetary policy shocks on wage inequality: evidence from Italy," Working Papers in Public Economics 270, Department of Economics and Law, Sapienza University of Rome.
  54. Caterina Forti Grazzini & Chi Hyun Kim, 2020. "Is Monetary Policy Gender Neutral? Evidence from the Stock Market," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1841, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
  55. Anna Samarina & Anh D.M. Nguyen, 2019. "Does monetary policy affect income inequality in the euro area?," Bank of Lithuania Working Paper Series 61, Bank of Lithuania.
  56. Anastasios Evgenidis & Apostolos Fasianos, 2021. "Unconventional Monetary Policy and Wealth Inequalities in Great Britain," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 83(1), pages 115-175, February.
  57. Marco Fruzzetti & Giulio Gariano & Gerardo Palazzo & Antonio Scalia, 2021. "From SMP to PEPP: a further look at the risk endogeneity of the Central Bank," Mercati, infrastrutture, sistemi di pagamento (Markets, Infrastructures, Payment Systems) 11, Bank of Italy, Directorate General for Markets and Payment System.
  58. van Riet Ad, 2019. "Twenty Years of European Central Bank Monetary Policy: A Keynesian and Austrian Perspective," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 239(5-6), pages 797-840, October.
  59. Brand, Claus & Obstbaum, Meri & Coenen, Günter & Sondermann, David & Lydon, Reamonn & Ajevskis, Viktors & Hammermann, Felix & Angino, Siria & Hernborg, Nils & Basso, Henrique & Hertweck, Matthias & Bi, 2021. "Employment and the conduct of monetary policy in the euro area," Occasional Paper Series 275, European Central Bank.
  60. Godwin Olasehinde-Williams & Ifedola Olanipekun & Oktay Özkan, 2024. "Stock Market Response to Quantitative Easing: Evidence from the Novel Rolling Windows Nonparametric Causality-in-Quantiles Approach," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 64(2), pages 947-977, August.
  61. Dominika Ehrenbergerova & Josef Bajzik & Tomas Havranek, 2023. "When Does Monetary Policy Sway House Prices? A Meta-Analysis," IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Monetary Fund, vol. 71(2), pages 538-573, June.
  62. José Alves & Tomás Silva, 2021. "An Empirical Assessment of Monetary Policy Channels in Income and Wealth Disparities," Comparative Economic Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Association for Comparative Economic Studies, vol. 63(3), pages 432-449, September.
  63. Momo Komatsu, 2023. "The effect of wage rigidity on the transmission of monetary policy to inequality," Economics Series Working Papers 1004, University of Oxford, Department of Economics.
  64. Neves Costa, Rita & Pérez-Duarte, Sébastien, 2019. "Not all inequality measures were created equal - The measurement of wealth inequality, its decompositions, and an application to European household wealth," Statistics Paper Series 31, European Central Bank.
  65. Mäki-Fränti, Petri & Silvo, Aino & Gulan, Adam & Kilponen, Juha, 2022. "Monetary policy and inequality in a small open economy," Research Discussion Papers 3/2022, Bank of Finland.
  66. Czeczeli, Vivien, 2021. "A monetáris politika hatása a jövedelmi egyenlőtlenségekre [Monetary-policy effects on income inequalities]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(3), pages 282-299.
  67. Abebe Hailemariam & Tutsirai Sakutukwa & Ratbek Dzhumashev, 2021. "Long-term determinants of income inequality: evidence from panel data over 1870–2016," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 61(4), pages 1935-1958, October.
  68. Peter Lindner & Thomas Mathä & Giuseppe Pulina & Michael Ziegelmeyer, 2026. "The Luxembourg Household Finance and Consumption Survey: Results from the fifth wave in 2023," BCL working papers 207, Central Bank of Luxembourg.
  69. Jérôme Creel & Mehdi El Herradi, 2019. "Shocking aspects of monetary policy on income inequality in the euro area," Working Papers hal-03403233, HAL.
  70. Groiss, Martin, 2024. "Equalizing Monetary Policy - the Earnings Heterogeneity Channel in Action," VfS Annual Conference 2024 (Berlin): Upcoming Labor Market Challenges 302346, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
  71. Olufemi Gbenga Onatunji & Anthony Enisan Akinlo, 2025. "Unveiling the Asymmetric Nexus: Monetary Policy and Income Inequality in Nigeria," Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, Emerging Markets Forum, vol. 17(3), pages 413-430, September.
  72. Davtyan, Karen, 2023. "Unconventional monetary policy and economic inequality," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
  73. El-Shagi, Makram & Jiang, Lunan & Zhang, Lin, 2025. "One Country – Two Monetary Policies: Evidence from a new indicator of the PBoC’s monetary policy support for poor regions," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 963-977.
  74. Yingwei Dong & Tirupam Goel & Emanuel Kohlscheen & Philip Wooldridge, 2025. "Keeping the momentum: how finance can continue to support growth in EMEs," BIS Papers chapters, in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), How can central banks take account of differences across households and firms for monetary policy?, volume 127, pages 1-32, Bank for International Settlements.
  75. Ampudia, Miguel & Ehrmann, Michael & Strasser, Georg, 2024. "Shopping behavior and the effect of monetary policy on inflation heterogeneity along the income distribution," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
  76. Bank for International Settlements, 2019. "Unconventional monetary policy tools: a cross-country analysis," CGFS Papers, Bank for International Settlements, number 63.
  77. Bobasu, Alina & Repele, Amalia, 2025. "Effects of monetary policy on labor income: the role of the employer," Working Paper Series 3046, European Central Bank.
  78. Boitani, Andrea & Di Domenico, Lorenzo & Ricchiuti, Giorgio, 2026. "Monetary policy and inequality: A heterogeneous agents’ approach," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
  79. Nasir Munir & Sadaf Shahab & Muhammad Tariq Mehmood, 2022. "Financial Risk Management and Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan," Journal of Economic Impact, Science Impact Publishers, vol. 4(2), pages 75-82.
  80. Junli Cheng & Feng Lin, 2022. "The Dynamic Effects of Urban–Rural Income Inequality on Sustainable Economic Growth under Urbanization and Monetary Policy in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-23, June.
  81. Laeven, Luc & Maddaloni, Angela & Mendicino, Caterina, 2022. "Monetary policy, macroprudential policy and financial stability," Working Paper Series 2647, European Central Bank.
  82. Federico Ravenna & Carl E. Walshy, 2024. "Inclusive Monetary Policy in a Model with Heterogeneous Workers," Carlo Alberto Notebooks 734 JEL Classification: E, Collegio Carlo Alberto.
  83. Angelini, Elena & Lalik, Magdalena & Lenza, Michele & Paredes, Joan, 2019. "Mind the gap: A multi-country BVAR benchmark for the Eurosystem projections," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 35(4), pages 1658-1668.
  84. Feld, Lars P. & Schmidt, Christoph M. & Schnabel, Isabel & Truger, Achim & Wieland, Volker, 2019. "Den Strukturwandel meistern. Jahresgutachten 2019/20 [Dealing with Structural Change. Annual Report 2019/20]," Annual Economic Reports / Jahresgutachten, German Council of Economic Experts / Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, volume 127, number 201920.
  85. Donggyu Lee, 2024. "Unconventional Monetary Policies and Inequality," Staff Reports 1108, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
  86. Fleck, Johannes & Monninger, Adrian, 2020. "Culture and portfolios: trust, precautionary savings and home ownership," Working Paper Series 2457, European Central Bank.
  87. Jaanika Merikyll & Matthias Rottner, 2025. "Monetary policy and earnings inequality.Inflation dependencies," Bank of Estonia Working Papers wp2025-05, Bank of Estonia, revised 13 Jun 2025.
  88. Miguel Ampudia & Russell Cooper & Julia Le Blanc & Guozhong Zhu, 2018. "MPC Heterogeneity in Europe: Sources and Policy Implications," NBER Working Papers 25082, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  89. Slacalek, Jiri & Lenza, Michele, 2019. "Quantitative easing did not increase inequality in the euro area," Research Bulletin, European Central Bank, vol. 54.
  90. Marco Moreno & Simone Cima, 2024. "Monetary policy shocks and their effects across the wealth distribution: evidence from new European data," Trinity Economics Papers tep0524, Trinity College Dublin, Department of Economics, revised Mar 2025.
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