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Are there Geographical Variations in the Psychological Cost of Unemployment in South Africa?
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- Fluhrer, Svenja & Kraehnert, Kati, 2022.
"Sitting in the same boat: Subjective well-being and social comparison after an extreme weather event,"
Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
- Krähnert, Kati & Fluhrer, Svenja, 2021. "Sitting in the same boat: Subjective well-being and social comparison after an extreme weather event," VfS Annual Conference 2021 (Virtual Conference): Climate Economics 242379, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
- Bernadette Huyer-May & Claudia Schmiedeberg & Nina Schumann, 2018. "Neighborhood Effects on Children’s Subjective Deprivation: Are Poor Children’s Perceptions of the Economic Situation in their Home Influenced by their Neighborhood?," Child Indicators Research, Springer;The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), vol. 11(1), pages 291-305, February.
- Adrian Chadi, 2014.
"Regional unemployment and norm-induced effects on life satisfaction,"
Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 46(3), pages 1111-1141, May.
- Chadi, Adrian, 2011. "Regional unemployment and norm-induced effects on life satisfaction," CAWM Discussion Papers 47, University of Münster, Münster Center for Economic Policy (MEP).
- Adrian Chadi, 2011. "Regional Unemployment and Norm-Induced Effects on Life Satisfaction," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 387, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
- Adrian Chadi, 2013. "Regional Unemployment and Norm-Induced Effects on Life Satisfaction," IAAEU Discussion Papers 201306, Institute of Labour Law and Industrial Relations in the European Union (IAAEU).
- repec:hal:pseose:halshs-00566139 is not listed on IDEAS
- Hansen, Kerstin F. & Stutzer, Alois, 2022.
"Parental unemployment, social insurance and child well-being across countries,"
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 600-617.
- Hansen, Kerstin F. & Stutzer, Alois, 2020. "Parental Unemployment, Social Insurance and Child Well-Being across Countries," IZA Discussion Papers 13752, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Green, Francis, 2011. "Unpacking the misery multiplier: How employability modifies the impacts of unemployment and job insecurity on life satisfaction and mental health," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 265-276, March.
- Hetschko, Clemens & Knabe, Andreas & Schöb, Ronnie, 2021. "Happiness, Work, and Identity," GLO Discussion Paper Series 783, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
- Andrew J. Oswald & Stephen Wu, 2011.
"Well-Being across America,"
The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 93(4), pages 1118-1134, November.
- Oswald, Andrew J. & Wu, Stephen, 2009. "Well-being across America," IZA Discussion Papers 4600, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Clark, Andrew E., 2009.
"Work, Jobs and Well-Being across the Millennium,"
IZA Discussion Papers
3940, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Clark, Andrew E., 2009. "Work, Jobs And Well-Being Across the Millennium," CEPREMAP Working Papers (Docweb) 0901, CEPREMAP.
- Andrew E. Clark, 2009. "Work, jobs and well-being across the Millennium," PSE Working Papers halshs-00566139, HAL.
- Andrew E. Clark, 2009. "Work, jobs and well-being across the Millennium," Working Papers halshs-00566139, HAL.
- Andrew E. Clark, 2009. "Work, Jobs and Well-Being across the Millennium," OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 83, OECD Publishing.
- Hetschko, Clemens & Schöb, Ronnie & Wolf, Tobias, 2020. "Income support, employment transitions and well-being," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
- Andrew Clark & Andreas Knabe & Steffen Rätzel, 2009.
"Unemployment as a Social Norm in Germany,"
Schmollers Jahrbuch : Journal of Applied Social Science Studies / Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, vol. 129(2), pages 251-260.
- Andrew E. Clark & Andreas Knabe & Steffen Rätzel, 2008. "Unemployment as a social norm in Germany," Working Papers halshs-00586249, HAL.
- Andrew E. Clark & Andréas Knabe & Steffen Rätzel, 2009. "Unemployment as a Social Norm in Germany," Post-Print halshs-00754675, HAL.
- Andrew E. Clark & Andréas Knabe & Steffen Rätzel, 2009. "Unemployment as a Social Norm in Germany," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint) halshs-00754675, HAL.
- Andrew E. Clark & Andreas Knabe & Steffen Rätzel, 2008. "Unemployment as a social norm in Germany," PSE Working Papers halshs-00586249, HAL.
- Andrew E. Clark & Andreas Knabe & Steffen Rätzel, 2008. "Unemployment as a Social Norm in Germany," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 132, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
- Nattavudh Powdthavee & Anke C. Plagnol & Paul Frijters & Andrew E. Clark, 2019.
"Who Got the Brexit Blues? The Effect of Brexit on Subjective Wellbeing in the UK,"
Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 86(343), pages 471-494, July.
- Nattavudh Powdthavee & Anke Plagnol & Paul Frijters & Andrew E. Clark, 2019. "Who Got the Brexit Blues? The Effect of Brexit on Subjective Wellbeing in the UK," Post-Print halshs-02095211, HAL.
- Nattavudh Powdthavee & Anke Plagnol & Paul Frijters & Andrew E. Clark, 2019. "Who Got the Brexit Blues? The Effect of Brexit on Subjective Wellbeing in the UK," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint) halshs-02095211, HAL.
- Powdthavee, Nattavudh & Plagnol, Anke C. & Frijters, Paul & Clark, Andrew E., 2019. "Who got the Brexit blues? The Effect of Brexit on Subjective Wellbeing in the UK," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 100293, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Andrew J. Oswald & Nattavudh Powdthavee, 2008.
"Death, Happiness, and the Calculation of Compensatory Damages,"
The Journal of Legal Studies, University of Chicago Press, vol. 37(S2), pages 217-251, June.
- Oswald, Andrew J. & Powdthavee, Nattavudh, 2007. "Death, Happiness, and the Calculation of Compensatory Damages," IZA Discussion Papers 3159, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Oswald, Andrew J. & Powdthavee, Nattavudh, 2007. "Death, Happiness, and the Calculation of Compensatory Damages," Economic Research Papers 269776, University of Warwick - Department of Economics.
- Oswald, Andrew J. & Powdthavee, Nattavudh, 2007. "Death, Happiness, and the Calculation of Compensatory Damages," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS) 827, University of Warwick, Department of Economics.
- Z. Bilgen Susanlı, 2018. "Life satisfaction and unemployment in Turkey: evidence from Life Satisfaction Surveys 2004–2013," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 52(1), pages 479-499, January.
- Clemens Hetschko & Andreas Knabe & Ronnie Schöb, 2014.
"Changing Identity: Retiring From Unemployment,"
Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 124(575), pages 149-166, March.
- Clemens Hetschko & Andreas Knabe & Ronnie Schöb, 2011. "Changing Identity: Retiring from Unemployment," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 399, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
- Clemens Hetschko & Andreas Knabe & Ronnie Schöb, 2011. "Changing Identity: Retiring from Unemployment," CESifo Working Paper Series 3540, CESifo.
- Clemens Hetschko & Andreas Knabe & Ronnie Schöb, 2011. "Changing Identity: Retiring from Unemployment," FEMM Working Papers 110017, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Faculty of Economics and Management.
- Hetschko, Clemens & Knabe, Andreas & Schöb, Ronnie, 2011. "Changing identity: Retiring from unemployment," Discussion Papers 2011/11, Free University Berlin, School of Business & Economics.
- Vincenzo Carrieri & Maria De Paola, 2011. "The Effects Of Peoples’ Height And Relative Height On Well-Being," Working Papers 201110, Università della Calabria, Dipartimento di Economia, Statistica e Finanza "Giovanni Anania" - DESF.
- I. Khumalo & Q. Temane & M. Wissing, 2012. "Socio-Demographic Variables, General Psychological Well-Being and the Mental Health Continuum in an African Context," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 105(3), pages 419-442, February.
- Esteban Calvo & Christine Mair, 2014. "The Multiplicative Effect of Individual- and Country-level Unemployment on Life Satisfaction in 97 Nations (1981-2009)," Working Papers 49, Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Universidad Diego Portales.
- Wen-Hao Chen & Feng Hou, 2019. "The Effect of Unemployment on Life Satisfaction: A Cross-National Comparison Between Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 14(4), pages 1035-1058, September.
- Chen, Le-Yu & Oparina, Ekaterina & Powdthavee, Nattavudh & Srisuma, Sorawoot, 2019. "Have Econometric Analyses of Happiness Data Been Futile? A Simple Truth about Happiness Scales," IZA Discussion Papers 12152, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Cristina Borra & Francisco Gómez-García, 2016.
"Wellbeing at Work and the Great Recession: The Effect of Others’ Unemployment,"
Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 17(5), pages 1939-1962, October.
- Cristina Borra Marcos & Francisco Gómez-García, 2014. "Wellbeing at work and the Great Recession: The effect of others' unemployment," Working Papers. Serie EC 2014-04, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas, S.A. (Ivie).
- Milena Nikolova & Sinem H. Ayhan, 2019.
"Your spouse is fired! How much do you care?,"
Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 32(3), pages 799-844, July.
- Nikolova, Milena & Ayhan, Sinem H., 2016. "Your Spouse Is Fired! How Much Do You Care?," IZA Discussion Papers 10411, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Milena Nikolova & Sinem Ayhan, 2016. "Your Spouse Is Fired! How Much Do You Care?," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 891, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
- Clark, Andrew & Knabe, Andreas & Rätzel, Steffen, 2010.
"Boon or bane? Others' unemployment, well-being and job insecurity,"
Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 17(1), pages 52-61, January.
- Andrew E. Clark & Andreas Knabe & Steffen Rätzel, 2008. "Boon or Bane? Others' unemployment, well-being and job insecurity," PSE Working Papers halshs-00586022, HAL.
- Andrew Clark & Andreas Knabe & Steffen Rätzel, 2008. "Boon or Bane? Others' Unemployment, Well-being and Job Insecurity," CESifo Working Paper Series 2501, CESifo.
- Andrew E. Clark & Andreas Knabe & Steffen Rätzel, 2010. "Boon or bane? Others' unemployment, well-being and job insecurity," Post-Print halshs-00754489, HAL.
- Andrew Clark & Andreas Knabe & Steffen Rätzel, 2008. "Boon or Bane?: Others' Unemployment, Well-Being and Job Insecurity," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 153, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
- Andrew E. Clark & Andreas Knabe & Steffen Rätzel, 2008. "Boon or Bane? Others' unemployment, well-being and job insecurity," Working Papers halshs-00586022, HAL.
- Andrew E. Clark & Andreas Knabe & Steffen Rätzel, 2010. "Boon or bane? Others' unemployment, well-being and job insecurity," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint) halshs-00754489, HAL.
- Clark, Andrew E. & Knabe, Andreas & Rätzel, Steffen, 2009. "Boon or Bane? Others' Unemployment, Well-being and Job Insecurity," IZA Discussion Papers 4210, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Wolf, Tobias & Hetschko, Clemens & Schöb, Ronnie, 2016.
"Income Support, (Un-)Employment and Well-Being,"
VfS Annual Conference 2016 (Augsburg): Demographic Change
145860, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
- Hetschko, Clemens & Schöb, Ronnie & Wolf, Tobias, 2016. "Income support, (un-)employment and well-being," Discussion Papers 2016/15, Free University Berlin, School of Business & Economics.
- Clemens Hetschko & Ronnie Schöb & Tobias Wolf, 2016. "Income Support, (Un-)Employment and Well-Being," CESifo Working Paper Series 6016, CESifo.
- Niedzwiedz, Claire L. & Thomson, Katie H. & Bambra, Clare & Pearce, Jamie R., 2020. "Regional employment and individual worklessness during the Great Recession and the health of the working-age population: Cross-national analysis of 16 European countries," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
- Kunze, Lars & Suppa, Nicolai, 2016. "Unemployment as a social norm revisited: Novel evidence from German counties," Ruhr Economic Papers 611, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.
- Powdthavee, Nattavudh, 2009.
"Ill-health as a household norm: Evidence from other people's health problems,"
Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 68(2), pages 251-259, January.
- N Powdthavee, 2008. "Ill-Health as a Household Norm: Evidence from Other People's Health Problems," Discussion Papers 08/21, Department of Economics, University of York.
- Brown, Sarah & Gray, Daniel, 2016. "Household finances and well-being in Australia: An empirical analysis of comparison effects," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 17-36.
- Dorrit Posel & Daniela Casale, 2011.
"Relative Standing and Subjective Well-Being in South Africa: The Role of Perceptions, Expectations and Income Mobility,"
Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 104(2), pages 195-223, November.
- Daniela Casale, 2011. "Relative standing and subjective well-being in South Africa: The role of perceptions, expectations and income mobility," Working Papers 210, Economic Research Southern Africa.
- Gintare Malisauskaite & Olena Nizalova & Despoina Xanthopoulou, 2022. "Unemployment and Well-Being of Europeans Across the Life Cycle: The Role of Countries’ Macroeconomic Situation," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 162(3), pages 1387-1412, August.
- Coen van de Kraats & Titus Galama & Maarten Lindeboom, 2022.
"Why life gets better after age 50, for some: mental well-being and the social norm of work,"
Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers
22-081/V, Tinbergen Institute.
- Coen van de Kraats & Titus Galama & Maarten Lindeboom, 2023. "Why life gets better after age 50, for some: mental well-being and the social norm of work," Papers 2023-03, Centre for Health Economics, Monash University.
- Coen van de Kraats & Titus Galama & Maarten Lindeboom, 2022. "Why Life Gets Better after Age 50 For Some: Mental Well-Being and the Social Norm of Work," Working Papers 2022-040, Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group.
- Carrieri, Vincenzo & De Paola, Maria, 2012. "Height and subjective well-being in Italy," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 10(3), pages 289-298.
- Otrachshenko, Vladimir & Nikolova, Milena & Popova, Olga, 2021.
"Double-edged sword: Persistent effects of Communism on life satisfaction,"
GLO Discussion Paper Series
927, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
- Otrachshenko, Vladimir & Nikolova, Milena & Popova, Olga, 2021. "Double-Edged Sword: Persistent Effects of Communism on Life Satisfaction," IZA Discussion Papers 14712, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Powdthavee, Nattavudh, 2014. "What childhood characteristics predict psychological resilience to economic shocks in adulthood?," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 84-101.
- Chen, Le-Yu & Oparina, Ekaterina & Powdthavee, Nattavudh & Srisuma, Sorawoot, 2022.
"Robust Ranking of Happiness Outcomes: A Median Regression Perspective,"
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 672-686.
- Le-Yu Chen & Ekaterina Oparina & Nattavudh Powdthavee & Sorawoot Srisuma, 2019. "Robust Ranking of Happiness Outcomes: A Median Regression Perspective," Papers 1902.07696, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2022.
- Chen, Le Yu & Oparina, Ekaterina & Powdthavee, Nattavudh & Srisuma, Sorawoot, 2022. "Robust ranking of happiness outcomes: a median regression perspective," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 115556, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Koursaros, Demetris, 2017. "Labor market dynamics when (un)employment is a social norm," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 96-116.
- Tom Günther & Jakob Conradi & Clemens Hetschko, 2024. "Socialism, Identity and the Well-Being of Unemployed Women," CESifo Working Paper Series 11154, CESifo.
- Hudson, Eibhlin & Barrett, Alan, 2013. "Peer Groups, Employment Status and Mental Well-being among Older Adults in Ireland," IZA Discussion Papers 7586, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Nattavudh Powdthavee, 2012.
"Jobless, Friendless and Broke: What Happens to Different Areas of Life Before and After Unemployment?,"
Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 79(315), pages 557-575, July.
- Nattavudh Powdthavee, "undated". "Jobless, Friendless, and Broke: What Happens to Different Areas of Life Before and After Unemployment?," Discussion Papers 09/15, Department of Economics, University of York.
- David G. Blanchflower & Andrew J. Oswald & Bert Van Landeghem, 2009.
"Imitative Obesity and Relative Utility,"
Journal of the European Economic Association, MIT Press, vol. 7(2-3), pages 528-538, 04-05.
- David G. Blanchflower & Andrew J. Oswald & Bert Van Landeghem, 2008. "Imitative Obesity and Relative Utility," NBER Working Papers 14337, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Blanchflower, David G. & Oswald, Andrew J. & van Landeghem, Bert, 2009. "Imitative Obesity and Relative Utility," IZA Discussion Papers 4010, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- David G. Blanchflower, 2009.
"International Evidence on Well-Being,"
NBER Chapters, in: Measuring the Subjective Well-Being of Nations: National Accounts of Time Use and Well-Being, pages 155-226,
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Blanchflower, David G., 2008. "International Evidence on Well-being," IZA Discussion Papers 3354, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- David G. Blanchflower, 2008. "International evidence on well-being," NBER Working Papers 14318, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Jos� Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal & Jos� Alberto Molina & Raquel Ortega, 2010. "Unemployment and Time Use: Evidence from the Spanish Time Use Survey," Documentos de Trabajo dt2010-02, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de Zaragoza.
- Milena Nikolova & Carol Graham, 2014. "Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States," IZA Journal of European Labor Studies, Springer;Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), vol. 3(1), pages 1-30, December.
- Andreas Knabe & Ronnie Schöb & Joachim Weimann, 2016. "Partnership, Gender, and the Well-Being Cost of Unemployment," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 129(3), pages 1255-1275, December.
- Simonetta Longhi & Alita Nandi & Mark Bryan & Sara Connolly & Cigdem Gedikli, 2024. "Life satisfaction and unemployment—The role of gender attitudes and work identity," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 71(2), pages 219-236, May.
- Elena Bárcena-Martín & Cortés Aguilar Alexandra & Ana I. Moro Egido, 2013. "The role of proximity and social comparisons on subjective well-being," ThE Papers 13/10, Department of Economic Theory and Economic History of the University of Granada..
- Andreas Knabe & Ronnie Schöb & Joachim Weimann, 2012.
"Partnership, Gender Roles and the Well-Being Cost of Unemployment,"
CESifo Working Paper Series
3932, CESifo.
- Andreas Knabe & Ronnie Schöb & Joachim Weimann, 2012. "Partnership, Gender Roles and the Well-Being Cost of Unemployment," FEMM Working Papers 120019, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Faculty of Economics and Management.
- Phil Lignier & Diane Jarvis & Daniel Grainger & Taha Chaiechi, 2024. "Spatial Heterogeneity and Subjective Wellbeing: Exploring the Role of Social Capital in Metropolitan Areas Using Multilevel Modelling," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 25(5), pages 1-23, June.
- Thanasis Ziogas & Dimitris Ballas & Sierdjan Koster & Arjen Edzes, 2020. "How happy are my neighbours? Modelling spatial spillover effects of well-being," Papers 2007.11580, arXiv.org.
- Stavrova, Olga & Schlösser, Thomas & Fetchenhauer, Detlef, 2011. "Are the unemployed equally unhappy all around the world? The role of the social norms to work and welfare state provision in 28 OECD countries," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 32(1), pages 159-171, February.
- Powdthavee, Nattavudh & Vernoit, James, 2013. "Parental unemployment and children's happiness: A longitudinal study of young people's well-being in unemployed households," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 253-263.
- Ronnie Schöb, 2013.
"Unemployment and Identity,"
CESifo Economic Studies, CESifo Group, vol. 59(1), pages 149-180, March.
- Ronnie Schöb, 2012. "Unemployment and Identity," CESifo Working Paper Series 3991, CESifo.
- Simonetta Longhi & Alita Nandi & Mark Bryan & Sara Connolly & Cigdem Gedikli, 2018. "Unhappiness in unemployment – is it the same for everyone?," Working Papers 2018007, The University of Sheffield, Department of Economics.
- Suppa, Nicolai, 2021. "Unemployment and subjective well-being," GLO Discussion Paper Series 760, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
- Vladimir Otrachshenko & Milena Nikolova & Olga Popova, 2023. "Double-edged sword: persistent effects of Communist regime affiliations on well-being and preferences," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 36(3), pages 1139-1185, July.
- Powdthavee, Nattavudh, 2008. "Putting a price tag on friends, relatives, and neighbours: Using surveys of life satisfaction to value social relationships," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 37(4), pages 1459-1480, August.
- Powdthavee, Nattavudh & Plagnol, Anke C. & Frijters, Paul & Clark, Andrew E., 2017. "Who Got the Brexit Blues? Using a Quasi-Experiment to Show the Effect of Brexit on Subjective Wellbeing in the UK," IZA Discussion Papers 11206, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Howley, P.; & Knight, S.;, 2018. "Taking pleasure from neighbours’ misfortune: Comparison effects, social norms and the well-being of the unemployed," Health, Econometrics and Data Group (HEDG) Working Papers 18/02, HEDG, c/o Department of Economics, University of York.