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Exports versus FDI in German Manufacturing: Firm Performance and Participation in International Markets

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Cited by:

  1. Engel, Dirk & Procher, Vivien, 2009. "Export, FDI and Productivity – Evidence for French Firms," Ruhr Economic Papers 111, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.
  2. Mitze, Timo & Alecke, Björn & Untiedt, Gerhard, 2008. "Trade, FDI and Cross-Variable Linkages: A German (Macro-)Regional Perspective," MPRA Paper 12245, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  3. Davide Castellani & Antonello Zanfei, 2007. "Internationalisation, Innovation and Productivity: How Do Firms Differ in Italy?," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(1), pages 156-176, January.
  4. Richard E. Baldwin & Toshihiro Okubo, 2014. "International Trade, Offshoring and Heterogeneous Firms," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(1), pages 59-72, February.
  5. Giorgia Maffini & Socrates Mokkas, 2009. "Profit Shifting and Measured Productivity of Multinational Firms," Working Papers 0920, Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation.
  6. Fahn, Matthias, 2011. "Three Essays on Commitment and Information Problems," Munich Dissertations in Economics 13750, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
  7. Davide Castellani & Giorgia Giovannetti, 2010. "Productivity and the international firm: dissecting heterogeneity," Journal of Economic Policy Reform, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 13(1), pages 25-42.
  8. Joachim Wagner, 2016. "Exports and Productivity: A Survey of the Evidence from Firm Level Data," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Microeconometrics of International Trade, chapter 1, pages 3-41, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
  9. Mitsoyo Ando & Fukunari Kimura, 2015. "Globalization and Domestic Operations: Applying the JC/JD Method to Japanese Manufacturing Firms," Asian Economic Papers, MIT Press, vol. 14(2), pages 1-35, Summer.
  10. D. Engel & V. Procher, 2012. "Export, FDI and firm productivity," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 44(15), pages 1931-1940, May.
  11. Almila Burgac Cil & Fikret Dulger, 2018. "Financial Constraints, Firm Characteristics and Exports: Evidence from Turkish Manufacturing Firms," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 8(1), pages 168-174.
  12. Tamar Khachaturian & Sarah Oliver, 2023. "Intangible trade: Understanding the relationship between trade barriers and mode of supply in services sectors," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 46(5), pages 1189-1234, May.
  13. Martin Falk & Yvonne Wolfmayr, 2009. "The Extent, Characteristics and Impacts of FDI and Multinational Firm Activities. A Firm Level Analysis," WIFO Studies, WIFO, number 41155, March.
  14. Dierk Herzer, 2010. "The Long-Run Relationship between Outward FDI and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence for Developing Countries," Ibero America Institute for Econ. Research (IAI) Discussion Papers 199, Ibero-America Institute for Economic Research.
  15. Kiyoyasu Tanaka, 2015. "Firm Heterogeneity and FDI in Distribution Services," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(8), pages 1295-1311, August.
  16. Robert Elliott & Ying Zhou, 2013. "State-owned Enterprises, Exporting and Productivity in China: A Stochastic Dominance Approach," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(8), pages 1000-1028, August.
  17. Xiaoli Hao & Xinhui Wang & Haitao Wu & Yu Hao, 2023. "Path to sustainable development: Does digital economy matter in manufacturing green total factor productivity?," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(1), pages 360-378, February.
  18. Joachim Wagner, 2016. "From Estimation Results to Stylized Facts: Twelve Recommendations for Empirical Research in International Activities of Heterogeneous Firms," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Microeconometrics of International Trade, chapter 15, pages 479-514, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
  19. Arijit Mukherjee & Umut Erksan Senalp, 2021. "Firm‐productivity and cross border merger," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(4), pages 838-859, September.
  20. Gabor Bekes & Balázs Murakozy, 2015. "The ladder of foreign sales: Internationalization modes of European firms," CERS-IE WORKING PAPERS 1527, Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies.
  21. Joel Stiebale & Michaela Trax, 2011. "The effects of cross-border M&As on the acquirers' domestic performance: firm-level evidence," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 44(3), pages 957-990, August.
  22. Mitsuyo ANDO & Fukunari KIMURA, 2017. "Job Creation and Destruction at the Levels of Intra-firm Sections, Firms, and Industries in Globalization: The case of Japanese manufacturing firms," Discussion papers 17100, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
  23. Goldman, Matt & Kaplan, David M., 2018. "Comparing distributions by multiple testing across quantiles or CDF values," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 206(1), pages 143-166.
  24. Holger Görg & Léa Marchal, 2019. "Die Effekte deutscher Direktinvestitionen im Empfängerland vor dem Hintergrund des Leistungsbilanzüberschusses," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-03905526, HAL.
  25. Tanaka, Ayumu, 2012. "Firm productivity and the number of FDI destinations: Evidence from a non-parametric test," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 117(1), pages 1-3.
  26. Fulvio Castellacci, 2014. "Service innovation and the proximity-concentration trade-off model of trade and FDI," Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(1), pages 92-108, January.
  27. Gattai, Valeria & Natale, Piergiovanna & Rossi, Francesca, 2023. "Board diversity and outward FDI: Evidence from europe," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
  28. Tanaka, Ayumu, 2013. "The causal effects of exporting on domestic workers: A firm-level analysis using Japanese data," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 13-23.
  29. Rammer, Christian, 2022. "Measuring process innovation output: Results from firm-level panel data," ZEW Discussion Papers 22-002, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  30. Onur A. Koska, 2020. "Sourcing product quality for foreign market entry," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 156(3), pages 669-702, August.
  31. repec:zbw:rwirep:0259 is not listed on IDEAS
  32. Min-Lee Chan & Kannika Duangnate & Cho-Min Lin, 2020. "Performance and Cash Value of Taiwan Multinational Firms’ FDI in ASEAN," Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 10(2), pages 1-2.
  33. Ito, Banri & Xu, Zhaoyuan & Yashiro, Naomitsu, 2015. "Does agglomeration promote internationalization of Chinese firms?," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 109-121.
  34. Dilek Demirbas & Ila Patnaik & Ajay Shah, 2013. "Graduating to globalisation: a study of Southern multinationals," Indian Growth and Development Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 6(2), pages 242-259, November.
  35. Wagner, Joachim, 2007. "Productivity and Size of the Export Market: Evidence for West and East German Plants, 2004," IZA Discussion Papers 2661, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  36. Michael Moritz & Veronika Hecht & Patricia Noska & Johannes Schaffler, 2020. "Types of FDI and Determinants of Affiliate Size: the Classification Makes the Difference," Czech Journal of Economics and Finance (Finance a uver), Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, vol. 70(4), pages 312-331, October.
  37. Wei, Yingqi & Zheng, Nan & Liu, Xiaohui & Lu, Jiangyong, 2014. "Expanding to outward foreign direct investment or not? A multi-dimensional analysis of entry mode transformation of Chinese private exporting firms," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 23(2), pages 356-370.
  38. Jens M. Arnold & Katrin Hussinger, 2010. "Exports versus FDI in German Manufacturing: Firm Performance and Participation in International Markets," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 18(4), pages 595-606, September.
  39. Marie-Ange VEGANZONES-VAROUDAKIS & Arup MITRA & Chandan SHARMA, 2012. "Are reforms productive? Explaining productivity and efficiency in the Indian manufacturing," Working Papers 201233, CERDI.
  40. Mitze, Timo, 2010. "Estimating Gravity Models of International Trade with Correlated Time-Fixed Regressors: To IV or not IV?," MPRA Paper 23540, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  41. Alessandro Borin & Michele Mancini, 2016. "Foreign direct investment and firm performance: an empirical analysis of Italian firms," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 152(4), pages 705-732, November.
  42. Riccardo De Bonis & Giovanni Ferri & Zeno Rotondi, 2010. "Do bank-firm relationships influence firm internationalization?," Mo.Fi.R. Working Papers 37, Money and Finance Research group (Mo.Fi.R.) - Univ. Politecnica Marche - Dept. Economic and Social Sciences.
  43. Lejour, Arjan & Rojas Romasgosa, Hugo & Rodriguez, Victor & Montalvo, Carvos & Van der Zee, Frans, 2009. "Trade costs, Openness and Productivity: Market Access at Home and Abroad," MPRA Paper 21214, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  44. Riccardo De Bonis & Giovanni Ferri & Zeno Rotondi, 2015. "Do firm–bank relationships affect firms’ internationalization?," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 142, pages 60-80.
  45. Wagner Joachim, 2007. "Productivity and Size of the Export Market: Evidence for West and East German Plants, 2004," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 227(4), pages 403-408, August.
  46. Shao, Yanmin & Shang, Yan, 2016. "Decisions of OFDI Engagement and Location for Heterogeneous Multinational firms: Evidence from Chinese firms," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 178-187.
  47. Joachim Wagner, 2007. "Exports and Productivity in Germany," Applied Economics Quarterly (formerly: Konjunkturpolitik), Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, vol. 53(4), pages 353-373.
  48. Jitao Tang & Rosanne Altshuler, 2015. "The spillover effects of outward foreign direct investment on home countries: evidence from the United States," Working Papers 1503, Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation.
  49. Prajukta Tripathy & Pragyanrani Behera & Bikash Ranjan Mishra, 2023. "Study of linkages between productivity, export, and outward foreign direct investment: An empirical perspective of Indian manufacturing industries," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(2), pages 1527-1548, April.
  50. Valeria Gattai & Piergiovanna Natale & Francesca Rossi, 2022. "Board Diversity and Outward FDI: Evidence from Europe," Working Papers 491, University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Economics, revised Mar 2022.
  51. Ayumu TANAKA, 2012. "The Causal Effects of Exporting on Japanese Workers: A firm-level analysis," Discussion papers 12017, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
  52. repec:zbw:rwirep:0111 is not listed on IDEAS
  53. Dierk Herzer, 2012. "Outward FDI, Total Factor Productivity and Domestic Output: Evidence from Germany," International Economic Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(1), pages 155-174, October.
  54. Gábor Békés & Balázs Muraközy, 2018. "The ladder of internationalization modes: evidence from European firms," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 154(3), pages 455-491, August.
  55. Dirk Engel & Christoph M. Schmidt & Vivien Procher, 2010. "The Asymmetries of a Small World: Entry Into and Withdrawal From International Markets by French Firms," Ruhr Economic Papers 0192, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universität Dortmund, Universität Duisburg-Essen.
  56. Onur A. Koska & Ngo Van Long & Frank Stähler, 2018. "Foreign direct investment as a signal," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(1), pages 60-83, February.
  57. Hiroyuki Nishiyama & Masao Yamaguchi, 2013. "Technological Constraints, Firm Heterogeneity, and Location Choice of Multinational Enterprises," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(5), pages 996-1005, November.
  58. repec:iab:iabfme:200702(de is not listed on IDEAS
  59. Neil Foster-McGregor & Anders Isaksson & Florian Kaulich, 2014. "Outward Foreign Direct Investment, Exporting and Firm-Level Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(2), pages 244-257, February.
  60. Banri Ito & Ayumu Tanaka, 2016. "External R&D, productivity, and export: evidence from Japanese firms," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 152(3), pages 577-596, August.
  61. Sebastian Hügelschäffer & Daniel Kromer & Alexander Lipponer, 2009. "Die deutsche Statistik über Direktinvestitionen: Neuerungen und wissenschaftliche Nutzung," AStA Wirtschafts- und Sozialstatistisches Archiv, Springer;Deutsche Statistische Gesellschaft - German Statistical Society, vol. 3(3), pages 157-167, November.
  62. Jiménez, Alfredo & Delgado-García, Juan Bautista, 2012. "Proactive management of political risk and corporate performance: The case of Spanish multinational enterprises," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 21(6), pages 1029-1040.
  63. Ayumu TANAKA, 2011. "Multinationals in the Services and Manufacturing Sectors: A firm-level analysis using Japanese data," Discussion papers 11059, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
  64. Pablo A. Garcia-Fuentes & Gustavo F. C. Ferreira & P. Lynn Kennedy & Felipe Perez, 2017. "Economic Performance of U.S. Multinational Manufacturing Firms: The Linkages between Foreign Direct Investment and Firm Strategy," International Business Research, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 10(1), pages 240-252, January.
  65. repec:zbw:rwirep:0192 is not listed on IDEAS
  66. Yama Temouri & Nigel L. Driffield & Dolores Añón Higón, 2008. "Analysis of Productivity Differences among Foreign and Domestic Firms: Evidence from Germany," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 144(1), pages 32-54, April.
  67. Yonghun Jung & Seong-Hoon Lee, 2014. "Spillover effects and the decision to export in Korean manufacturing firms," Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(4), pages 588-603, October.
  68. Tanaka, Ayumu & Ito, Banri & Wakasugi, Ryuhei, 2019. "How do exporters respond to exogenous shocks: Evidence from Japanese firm-level data," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 1-1.
  69. Ito, Tadashi & Tanaka, Ayumu, 2022. "FDI, ownership structure, and productivity," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
  70. Ma, Shuzhong & Wu, Peng & Fang, Chao, 2025. "The impact of robot adoption on firm’s OFDI: Evidence from China," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
  71. Hua Wang & Jingjing Yang & Mingyong Lai, 2009. "Export behaviour and firm productivity in China," Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 7(4), pages 409-428.
  72. Spyros Arvanitis & Michael Peneder & Christian Rammer & Tobias Stucki & Martin Wörter, 2016. "How Different Policy Instruments Affect the Creation of Green Energy Innovation: A Differentiated Perspective," KOF Working papers 16-417, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich.
  73. Martijn Boermans & Hein Roelfsema, 2015. "The Effects of Internationalization on Innovation: Firm-Level Evidence for Transition Economies," Open Economies Review, Springer, vol. 26(2), pages 333-350, April.
  74. Ayumu TANAKA, 2013. "Firm Productivity and Exports in the Wholesale Sector: Evidence from Japan," Discussion papers 13007, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
  75. Ayumu Tanaka, 2012. "Firm Productivity and Foreign Direct Investment in the Services Sector: A Firm-Level Analysis using Japanese Data," Discussion papers e-11-008, Graduate School of Economics Project Center, Kyoto University.
  76. Joel Stiebale & Michaela Trax, 2010. "The Eff ects of Cross-border M&As on the Acquirers’ Domestic Performance – Firm-level Evidence," Ruhr Economic Papers 0159, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universität Dortmund, Universität Duisburg-Essen.
  77. Joachim Wagner, 2006. "International Firm Activities and Innovation: Evidence from Knowledge Production Functions for German Firms," Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy 2006-15, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy Group.
  78. Qun Bao & Yanling Wang & Hongjun Xie, 2019. "From Honeymoon To Divorce: Institution Quality And Foreign Investors' Ownership Consolidation In China," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 57(1), pages 372-390, January.
  79. Driffield Nigel & Temouri Yama, 2014. "Inward Investment and the Drivers of Post Recession Recovery in Germany," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 234(6), pages 775-799, December.
  80. Aurora Teixeira & Cátia Coimbra, 2014. "The determinants of the internationalization speed of Portuguese university spin-offs: An empirical investigation," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 12(3), pages 270-308, September.
  81. Rammer, Christian & Gottschalk, Sandra & Peneder, Michael & Wörter, Martin & Stucki, Tobias & Arvanitis, Spyros, 2017. "Does energy policy hurt international competitiveness of firms? A comparative study for Germany, Switzerland and Austria," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 154-180.
  82. L. Benfratello & A. Bottasso & C. Piccardo, 2022. "R&D and export performance: exploring heterogeneity along the export intensity distribution," Economia e Politica Industriale: Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, Springer;Associazione Amici di Economia e Politica Industriale, vol. 49(2), pages 189-232, June.
  83. Vivien Procher & Dirk Engel, 2009. "Export, FDI and Productivity – Evidence for French Firms," Ruhr Economic Papers 0111, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universität Dortmund, Universität Duisburg-Essen.
  84. Ingo Geishecker & Holger Görg & Daria Taglioni, 2009. "Characterising Euro Area Multinationals," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(1), pages 49-76, January.
  85. Donatella Baiardi & Valeria Gattai & Piergiovanna Natale, 2021. "Estimating the ex‐ante and the ex‐post effects of Chinese outward FDI," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(12), pages 3641-3673, December.
  86. Giorgia Maffini & Socrates Mokkas, 2008. "Transfer-pricing and Measured Productivity of Multinational Firms," Working Papers 0817, Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation.
  87. Figal Garone, Lucas & López Villalba, Paula A. & Maffioli, Alessandro & Ruzzier, Christian A., 2020. "Firm-level productivity in Latin America and the Caribbean," Research in Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(2), pages 186-192.
  88. Liu, Rebecca & Rammer, Christian, 2016. "The contribution of different public innovation funding programs to SMEs' export performance," ZEW Discussion Papers 16-078, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  89. Rammer, Christian, 2023. "Measuring process innovation output in firms: Cost reduction versus quality improvement," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
  90. Cieslik, Andrzej & Ryan, Michael, 2009. "Firm heterogeneity, foreign market entry mode and ownership choice," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 21(3), pages 213-218, August.
  91. Boly, Amadou & Coniglio, Nicola Daniele & Prota, Francesco & Seric, Adnan, 2014. "Diaspora Investments and Firm Export Performance in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 422-433.
  92. Görg Holger & Marchal Léa, 2019. "Die Effekte deutscher Direktinvestitionen im Empfängerland vor dem Hintergrund des Leistungsbilanzüberschusses: Empirische Evidenz mit Mikrodaten für Frankreich," Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, De Gruyter, vol. 20(1), pages 53-69, June.
  93. Engel, Dirk & Procher, Vivien & Schmidt, Christoph M., 2010. "The Asymmetries of a Small World: Entry Into and Withdrawal From International Markets by French Firms," Ruhr Economic Papers 192, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.
  94. Lucas Figal Garone & Paula A. López Villalba & Alessandro Maffioli & Christian A. Ruzzier, 2020. "Productivity differences among firms in Latin American and the Caribbean," Working Papers 136, Universidad de San Andres, Departamento de Economia, revised Jan 2020.
  95. repec:bla:germec:v:11:y:2010:i::p:188-207 is not listed on IDEAS
  96. Ulrich Kaiser & Joachim Wagner, 2008. "Neue Möglichkeiten zur Nutzung vertraulicher amtlicher Personen‐ und Firmendaten," Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, Verein für Socialpolitik, vol. 9(3), pages 329-349, August.
  97. repec:zbw:rwirep:0159 is not listed on IDEAS
  98. Michaela Trax, 2011. "Productivity and the Internationalization of Firms – Cross-border Acquisitions versus Greenfield Investments," Ruhr Economic Papers 0259, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universität Dortmund, Universität Duisburg-Essen.
  99. Nocke, Volker & Yeaple, Stephen, 2007. "Cross-border mergers and acquisitions vs. greenfield foreign direct investment: The role of firm heterogeneity," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(2), pages 336-365, July.
  100. Fariñas, José C. & Martín-Marcos, Ana & Velázquez, Francisco J., 2019. "Estimating the Scope Elasticity of Multinational Firms: An Empirical Assessment," MPRA Paper 94990, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  101. Banri ITO & Ayumu TANAKA, 2013. "Open Innovation, Productivity, and Export: Evidence from Japanese firms," Discussion papers 13006, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
  102. Ronny Thomas & K. Narayanan, 2016. "Outward FDI, Exports and Technological Efforts: A Study of Indian Manufacturing Firms," Working Papers id:11383, eSocialSciences.
  103. Trax, Michaela, 2011. "Productivity and the Internationalization of Firms – Cross-border Acquisitions versus Greenfield Investments," Ruhr Economic Papers 259, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.
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