Are Reforms Productive? Explaining Productivity and Efficiency in the Indian Manufacturing

India's economic liberalization in the 1990s provides scope for research on the effects of policy reforms on economic performance. This study examines some of these policy changes and their impact on firms' productivity and efficiency. We assess, specifically, the role of export and import (total, intermediate, and capital goods) as an outcome of trade liberalization, R&D, technology transfer, and infrastructure endowment over the period 1994-2008. Although our analysis may involve certain biases in capturing the causal relationships, results suggest that infrastructure is a crucial determinant of manufacturing performance in India. This is true for a wide range of variables, such as transport, energy, and information and communication technology (ICT). This finding has important policy implications in the Indian context, as several parts of the country are constrained by severe infrastructure shortages. Other empirical results concern knowledge transfers, which seem to materialize more through exports than imports. Our findings also suggest that R&D is not a productivity-enhancing activity in India and that firms rely more on purchase of foreign technology. This outcome does not come as a surprise because Indian firms are known for low in-house research and limited innovation-oriented activities.