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De la crise financière à la crise économique: Une analyse comparative France-États-Unis

Author

Listed:
  • Christophe Blot

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

  • Sabine Le Bayon

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

  • Matthieu Lemoine

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

  • Sandrine Levasseur

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

Abstract

La crise financière, qui a éclaté au cours de l’été 2007, n’a pas tardé à se répercuter sur la croissance et l’emploi de l’économie française. Si au départ, on pouvait espérer que la crise soit passagère et de faible ampleur, l’accumulation de mauvais chiffres a rapidement terni ces espoirs, rappelant que les économies échappent rarement à la récession lorsqu’elles sont frappées par des chocs financiers. Partant de ce constat, cet article propose de préciser les mécanismes théoriques par lesquels les chocs financiers se transmettent à la sphère réelle. La pertinence de ces canaux de transmission est ensuite illustrée empiriquement pour les cycles d’activité en France et aux États-Unis. Les prix d’actifs (Bourse, immobilier et taux d’intérêt) représentent un vecteur essentiel de la transmission des chocs financiers, de par leurs effets sur la richesse des agents, sur le coût du capital et sur la valeur des garanties pouvant être mobilisées en contrepartie de prêts. La théorie du canal du crédit accorde par ailleurs un rôle important aux banques. Nous soulignons de plus que l’incertitude endogène aux chocs financiers est également un facteur récessif par ces effets sur la consommation et l’investissement. Nous proposons alors une modélisation VAR où les crises financières sont mesurées par les chocs affectant les cours boursiers, les prix immobiliers, le spread interbancaire et la volatilité boursière. Les deux premières variables captent principalement les effets de richesse et d’amplification financière tandis que le spread est utilisé comme indicateur des difficultés bancaires et que la volatilité mesure l’effet de l’incertitude. L’impact récessif, sur le cycle industriel, des chocs financiers est confirmé en France comme aux États-Unis par des fonctions de réponse généralisée. En particulier, les chocs immobiliers et dans une moindre mesure sur l’incertitude ont des effets significatifs et persistants. Quant aux chocs boursiers, leur effet est plus élevé et persistant aux États-Unis qu’en France. Ces premiers résultats indiquent que les crises financières sont sans doute d’autant plus graves que l’immobilier est au cœur du marasme. Enfin, notre analyse permet de retracer la trajectoire de la production industrielle induite par les différents chocs. Pris dans leur ensemble, les chocs financiers contribuent fortement aux cycles d’activité.

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  • Christophe Blot & Sabine Le Bayon & Matthieu Lemoine & Sandrine Levasseur, 2009. "De la crise financière à la crise économique: Une analyse comparative France-États-Unis," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/5l6uh8ogmqi, Sciences Po.
  • Handle: RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/5l6uh8ogmqildh09h560mit97
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