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Acerca de la relación entre el gasto por alumno y los retornos a la educación en el Perú: un análisis por cohortes

Author

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  • Luis García

    (Departamento de Economía de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú)

  • Sara Sánchez

    (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú)

Abstract

En el Perú, en el periodo 1960-2015 el gasto público real en educación por alumno presenta un comportamiento en forma de “u”, mostrando una severa caída en todos sus niveles hasta la década del 90, para luego mostrar una moderada recuperación. Es razonable pensar que una caída tan fuerte en el gasto debe haber mermado la calidad de la educación, lo que podría afectar los retornos mincerianos a la educación (Card y Krueger, 1992, 1998; Heckman, Lochner y Todd, 2006). Considerando que la educación en el Perú es mayoritariamente pública, y que el deterioro del gasto público fue masivo, lo que afectó a generaciones o cohortes enteras, proponemos como hipótesis que las generaciones que se vieron expuestas a bajos niveles de gasto en educación deberían presentar menores retornos a la educación, mientras que aquellas que vivieron en épocas de alto gasto deberían presentar retornos mayores. En este documento evaluamos empíricamente esta relación entre las cohortes de nacimiento y los retornos a la educación mincerianos. Para ello, utilizamos un análisis econométrico de cohortes y efectos fijos, siguiendo el método bietápico de Deaton y Paxon (1993) y Attanasio (1993). Utilizando las Encuestas Nacionales de Hogares (ENAHO) en el periodo 2004-2018 encontramos un patrón declinante en los retornos a la educación, lo que es consistente con la caída del gasto público por alumno. Asimismo, se observa una leve desaceleración de la caída del retorno para las cohortes más recientes, lo que es parcialmente coherente con la recuperación del gasto público por alumno. El efecto se observa con mayor claridad en la educación superior y para los trabajadores de sexo masculino. JEL Classification-JEL: I22, I26

Suggested Citation

  • Luis García & Sara Sánchez, 2020. "Acerca de la relación entre el gasto por alumno y los retornos a la educación en el Perú: un análisis por cohortes," Documentos de Trabajo / Working Papers 2020-482, Departamento de Economía - Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
    • Handle: RePEc:pcp:pucwps:wp00482
    DOI: 10.18800/2079-8474.0482
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • I22 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Educational Finance; Financial Aid
    • I26 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Returns to Education

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