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Structural Change and the Current Account: The Case of Germany

Author

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  • Fabrizio Coricelli

    (Paris School of Economics-Université Paris 1)

  • Andreas Wörgötter

    (OECD)

Abstract

Using empirical evidence from panel analysis of current account dynamics and of bilateral trade balances, the paper argues that the large German current account surplus during the 2000s can be explained by an increasing gap between productivity growth in manufacturing vis-à-vis services. Such a gap is due not only to improvements in the manufacturing sector but also to a significant slowdown of productivity growth in services. Therefore, despite the success in export markets, the German surplus may signal long-run weaknesses associated with constraints on service sector productivity growth and the inability of productivity growth in manufacturing to create positive spill-over effects on services. Persistence of barriers to liberalisation in services as well as the dominant type of technological progress in manufacturing, based on improving the efficiency of existing products, may partly explain these phenomena. A key factor behind these sectoral differences is the education system, which relies on highly specialised vocational schools, generating high returns for on the job training and creating incentives for efficiency gains in existing products and sectors. The paper concludes that there is room for comprehensive structural policies consistent with an equilibrium reduction in the current account surplus, accompanied by higher and more balanced growth. Réformes structurelles et balance courante : le cas de l'Allemagne À partir des données factuelles issues de l’analyse des graphiques de l’évolution de la balance courante et de la balance des échanges bilatéraux, cette étude montre que l’excédent de la balance courante allemande provient de l’écart grandissant entre la croissance de la productivité dans le secteur manufacturier et dans celui des services. Ce décalage s’explique, d’une part, par les améliorations apportées à l’industrie manufacturière, et, d’autre part, par le ralentissement marqué de la hausse de la productivité dans les services. En ce sens, malgré les performances de l’Allemagne en matière d’exportation, l’excédent de sa balance courante peut présager de certaines faiblesses sur le long terme ; le secteur des services pâtit d’une productivité bridée et ne bénéficie pas non plus de la hausse de la productivité du secteur manufacturier. L’explication de ce phénomène réside en partie dans la persistance de barrières à la libéralisation des services. En outre, le modèle de progrès technologique dominant dans l’industrie manufacturière allemande, axé sur l’amélioration de l’efficacité des produits existants, ne génère pas d’effet multiplicateur sur le secteur des services, contrairement à ce qui a été observé aux États-Unis. L’origine de ces disparités sectorielles est notamment à rechercher du côté d’un système éducatif qui repose sur des écoles professionnelles très spécialisées, très efficaces pour ce qui concerne la formation pratique, incitant à développer des gains d’efficacité pour les produits et les secteurs existants. La segmentation de l’éducation fait écho à la sectorisation de la réglementation ; elle freine l’adoption des innovations radicales et des nouveaux produits, qui relève d’une éducation plus généraliste, et crée de faibles barrières à l’entrée sur un marché intérieur caractérisé par son ampleur. L’étude conclut qu’il est possible de mettre en place des politiques structurelles globales compatibles avec une réduction de l’excédent de la balance courante, s’accompagnant d’une croissance plus forte et plus équilibrée.

Suggested Citation

  • Fabrizio Coricelli & Andreas Wörgötter, 2012. "Structural Change and the Current Account: The Case of Germany," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 940, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:940-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9gsh6tpz0s-en
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    2. Luigi Bonatti & Andrea Fracasso, 2012. "A Germans� dilemma: save the euro or preserve their socio-economic model," Department of Economics Working Papers 1207, Department of Economics, University of Trento, Italia.
    3. Mirella Damiani & Milica Uvalic, 2014. "Industrial Development in the EU: What Lessons for the Future Member States?," Croatian Economic Survey, The Institute of Economics, Zagreb, vol. 16(1), pages 5-48, April.
    4. Jürgen Janger & Julia Bock-Schappelwein & Michael Böheim & Ulrike Famira-Mühlberger & Thomas Horvath & Daniela Kletzan-Slamanig & Stefan Schönfelder & Margit Schratzenstaller-Altzinger & Maria M. Hofm, 2014. "Monitoring of Austria's Efforts Within the Europe 2020 Strategy. Update 2013-14," WIFO Studies, WIFO, number 47415, March.
    5. Zarges, Lara & Lehmann, Robert, 2024. "What Drives Trend German GDP Growth? A Disaggregated Sectoral View," VfS Annual Conference 2024 (Berlin): Upcoming Labor Market Challenges 302409, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    6. Giovanni Carnazza & Pierluigi Vellucci, 2022. "Network analysis and Eurozone trade imbalances," Papers 2209.09837, arXiv.org.
    7. Vogel, Lukas, 2014. "Nontradable sector reform and external rebalancing in monetary union: A model-based analysis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 421-434.
    8. Jürgen Janger & Julia Bock-Schappelwein & Michael Böheim & Ulrike Famira-Mühlberger & Thomas Horvath & Daniela Kletzan-Slamanig & Margit Schratzenstaller-Altzinger & Maria M. Hofmarcher-Holzhacker, 2015. "Monitoring of Austria's Efforts Within the Europe 2020 Strategy. Update 2014-15," WIFO Studies, WIFO, number 58130, March.
    9. Luigi Bonatti & Andrea Fracasso, 2013. "The German Model and the European Crisis," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 51(6), pages 1023-1039, November.
    10. Annamaria Simonazzi & Andrea Ginzburg & Gianluigi Nocella, 2013. "Economic relations between Germany and southern Europe," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 37(3), pages 653-675.
    11. Roman Stöllinger, 2020. "Tradability of output and the current account in Europe," International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 167-218, February.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Allemagne; balance courante; current account; Germany; manufacturing; productivity growth differences; secteur des services; secteur manufacturier; services; écarts de croissance de la productivité;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E21 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Consumption; Saving; Wealth
    • E22 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity
    • F32 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - Current Account Adjustment; Short-term Capital Movements
    • F41 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Open Economy Macroeconomics
    • G18 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • H23 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
    • H55 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Social Security and Public Pensions
    • K20 - Law and Economics - - Regulation and Business Law - - - General
    • K31 - Law and Economics - - Other Substantive Areas of Law - - - Labor Law
    • O40 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - General

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