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Where does Philippine education go? : the "K to 12" program and reform of Philippine basic education

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  • Okabe, Masayoshi

Abstract

In 2012 the Philippines launched its "K to 12" Program, a comprehensive reform of its basic education. Through this reform, the Philippines is catching up with global standards in secondary education and is attaching a high value to kindergarten. The structure, curricula, and philosophy of the education system are undergoing reform and improvement. The key points of the new policy are "preparation" for higher education, "eligibility" for entering domestic and overseas higher educational institutions, and immediate "employability" on graduating, all leading toward a "holistically developed Filipino". This policy appears admirable and timely, but it faces some pedagogical and socioeconomic problems. The author wants to point out in particular that the policy needs to address gender problems and should be combined with demand-side approaches in order to promote poverty alleviation and human development in the Philippines.

Suggested Citation

  • Okabe, Masayoshi, 2013. "Where does Philippine education go? : the "K to 12" program and reform of Philippine basic education," IDE Discussion Papers 425, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO).
    • Handle: RePEc:jet:dpaper:dpaper425
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    File URL: https://ir.ide.go.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=37750&item_no=1&attribute_id=22&file_no=1
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hanushek, Eric A. & Jamison, Dean T. & Jamison, Eliot A. & Wößmann, Ludger, 2008. "Education and economic growth: It’s not just going to school, but learning something while there that matters," Munich Reprints in Economics 20467, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
    2. Jacob A. Mincer, 1974. "Introduction to "Schooling, Experience, and Earnings"," NBER Chapters, in: Schooling, Experience, and Earnings, pages 1-4, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. George Psacharopoulos & Harry Anthony Patrinos, 2004. "Returns to investment in education: a further update," Education Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(2), pages 111-134.
    4. Jacob A. Mincer, 1974. "Schooling, Experience, and Earnings," NBER Books, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number minc74-1.
    5. Jonna P. Estudillo & Yasuyuki Sawada & Keijiro Otsuka, 2008. "Poverty and Income Dynamics in Philippine Villages, 1985–2004," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 12(4), pages 877-890, November.
    6. Gary S. Becker, 1964. "Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education, First Edition," NBER Books, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number beck-5.
    7. Jacob A. Mincer, 1974. "Schooling and Earnings," NBER Chapters, in: Schooling, Experience, and Earnings, pages 41-63, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    8. World Bank, 2013. "World Development Indicators 2013," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 13191.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Okabe, Masayoshi, 2016. "Gender-preferential intergenerational patterns in primary educational attainment: An econometric approach to a case in rural Mindanao, the Philippines," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 125-142.
    2. Okabe, Masayoshi, 2014. "Gender-preferential intergenerational patterns in primary education attainment : a quantitative analysis of a case of rural Mindanao, the Philippines," IDE Discussion Papers 479, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO).
    3. Antonio Tamayao & Rudolf Vecaldo & Jay Emmanuel Asuncion & Maria Mamba & Febe Marl Paat & Editha Pagulayan, 2020. "Design and Validation of the College Readiness Test (CRT) for Filipino K to 12 Graduates," International Journal of Higher Education, Sciedu Press, vol. 9(2), pages 209-209, April.
    4. Trinidad, Jose Eos, 2020. "Material resources, school climate, and achievement variations in the Philippines: Insights from PISA 2018," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Philippines; Educational policy; Secondary education; Social development; Education reform; Human development; Poverty;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I21 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Analysis of Education
    • I28 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Government Policy
    • I31 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - General Welfare, Well-Being
    • O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

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