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Demand-Supply imbalance during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of fiscal policy

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Abstract

To mitigate the health and economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic, governments worldwide engaged in massive fiscal support programs. We show that generous fiscal support is associated with an increase in the demand for consumption goods during the pandemic, but industrial production did not adjust quickly enough to meet the sharp increase in demand. This imbalance between supply and demand across countries contributed to high inflation. Our findings suggest a sizable role for fiscal policy in affecting price stability, above and beyond what a monetary authority can do.

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  • Francois de Soyres & Ana Maria Santacreu & Henry L. Young, 2022. "Demand-Supply imbalance during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of fiscal policy," Working Papers 2022-019, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedlwp:94714
    DOI: 10.20955/wp.2022.019
    Note: Publisher DOI: https://doi.org/10.20955/r.105.21-50
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    1. Jesse LaBelle & Ana Maria Santacreu, 2022. "Supply Chain Disruptions During the COVID-19 Recession," Economic Synopses, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, pages 1-2, February.
    2. Jesse LaBelle & Ana Maria Santacreu, 2022. "Supply Chain Disruptions and Inflation During COVID-19," Economic Synopses, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, issue 11, pages 1-3, May.
    3. Francois de Soyres & Ana Maria Santacreu & Henry L. Young, 2022. "Fiscal policy and excess inflation during Covid-19: a cross-country view," FEDS Notes 2022-07-15-1, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    4. Rebecca Freeman & Richard Baldwin, 2022. "Risks and Global Supply Chains: What We Know and What We Need to Know," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 14(1), pages 153-180, August.
    5. Raphael A. Auer & Andrei A. Levchenko & Philip Sauré, 2019. "International Inflation Spillovers through Input Linkages," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 101(3), pages 507-521, July.
    6. Jason Dunn & Fernando Leibovici, 2021. "Supply Chain Bottlenecks and Inflation: The Role of Semiconductors," Economic Synopses, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, issue 28, pages 1-2, December.
    7. Sims, Christopher A., 2011. "Stepping on a rake: The role of fiscal policy in the inflation of the 1970s," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 55(1), pages 48-56, January.
    8. Jesse LaBelle & Ana Maria Santacreu, 2021. "Rethinking Global Value Chains During COVID-19: Part 1," Economic Synopses, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, issue 16, pages 1-2, July.
    9. Jesse LaBelle & Ana Maria Santacreu, 2021. "Rethinking Global Value Chains During COVID-19: Part 2," Economic Synopses, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, issue 17, pages 1-2, July.
    10. Valerie A. Ramey, 2011. "Identifying Government Spending Shocks: It's all in the Timing," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 126(1), pages 1-50.
    11. Jesse LaBelle & Ana Maria Santacreu, 2022. "Global Supply Chain Disruptions and Inflation During the COVID-19 Pandemic," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, vol. 104(2), pages 78-91.
    12. Valerie A. Ramey & Sarah Zubairy, 2018. "Government Spending Multipliers in Good Times and in Bad: Evidence from US Historical Data," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 126(2), pages 850-901.
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    Cited by:

    1. Francesco Ferrante & Sebastian Graves & Matteo Iacoviello, 2023. "The Inflationary Effects of Sectoral Reallocation," International Finance Discussion Papers 1369, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    2. Diego A. Comin & Robert C. Johnson & Callum J. Jones, 2023. "Supply Chain Constraints and Inflation," NBER Working Papers 31179, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Mary Amiti & Sebastian Heise & Fatih Karahan & Ayşegül Şahin, 2023. "Inflation Strikes Back: The Role of Import Competition and the Labor Market," NBER Chapters, in: NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2023, volume 38, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    COVID-19; fiscal policy; inflation; supply chains;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E2 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment
    • E6 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
    • F4 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance

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