From Mad Men to Maths Men: Concentration and Buyer Power in Online Advertising

This paper analyzes the impact of intermediary concentration on the allocation of revenues in online platforms. We study sponsored search documenting how advertisers increasingly bid through a handful of specialized intermediaries. This enhances automated bidding and data pooling, but lessens competition whenever the intermediary represents competing advertisers. Using data on nearly 40 million Google keyword auctions, we first apply machine learning algorithms to cluster keywords into thematic groups serving as relevant markets. Using an instrumental variable strategy, we estimate a decline in the platform's revenues of approximately 11 percent due to the average rise in concentration associated with intermediary M&A activity.