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Chapter 3 - Mobility on demand (MOD) and mobility as a service (MaaS): early understanding of shared mobility impacts and public transit partnerships

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  • Shaheen, Susan
  • Cohen, Adam

Abstract

Technology is changing the way we move and reshaping cities and society. Shared and on-demand mobility represent notable transportation shifts in the 21st century. In recent years, mobility on demand (MOD)—where consumers access mobility, goods, and services on-demand by dispatching shared modes, courier services, public transport, and other innovative strategies—has grown rapidly due to technological advancements; changing consumer preferences; and a range of economic, environmental, and social factors. New attitudes toward sharing, MOD, and mobility as a service (MaaS) are changing traveler behavior and creating new opportunities and challenges for public transportation. This chapter discusses similarities and differences between the evolving concepts of MaaS and MOD. Next, it characterizes the range of existing public transit and MOD service models and enabling partnerships. The chapter also explores emerging trends impacting public transportation. While vehicle automation could result in greater public transit competition in the future, it could also foster new opportunities for transit enhancements (e.g., microtransit services, first- and last-mile connections, reduced operating costs). The chapter concludes with a discussion of how MOD/MaaS partnerships and automation could enable the public transit industry to reinvent itself, making it more attractive and competitive with private vehicle ownership and use.

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  • Shaheen, Susan & Cohen, Adam, 2020. "Chapter 3 - Mobility on demand (MOD) and mobility as a service (MaaS): early understanding of shared mobility impacts and public transit partnerships," Institute of Transportation Studies, Research Reports, Working Papers, Proceedings qt5030f0cd, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Berkeley.
    • Handle: RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt5030f0cd
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    8. Shaheen, Susan PhD & Chan, Nelson & Gaynor, Theresa, 2016. "Casual Carpooling in the San Francisco Bay Area: Understanding User Characteristics, Behaviors, and Motivations," Institute of Transportation Studies, Research Reports, Working Papers, Proceedings qt4dh2h0rf, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Berkeley.
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    2. Deng, Yuntian & Shao, Shiping & Mittal, Archak & Twumasi-Boakye, Richard & Fishelson, James & Gupta, Abhishek & Shroff, Ness B., 2022. "Incentive design and profit sharing in multi-modal transportation networks," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 1-21.
    3. Dean, Matthew D. & Kockelman, Kara M., 2021. "Spatial variation in shared ride-hail trip demand and factors contributing to sharing: Lessons from Chicago," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    4. Qing Shen & Yiyuan Wang & Casey Gifford, 2021. "Exploring partnership between transit agency and shared mobility company: an incentive program for app-based carpooling," Transportation, Springer, vol. 48(5), pages 2585-2603, October.
    5. Eldeeb, Gamal & Sears, Sean & Mohamed, Moataz, 2023. "What do users want from transit? Qualitative analysis of current and potential users' perceptions," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    6. Lee, Yongsung & Lee, Bumsoo, 2022. "What’s eating public transit in the United States? Reasons for declining transit ridership in the 2010s," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 126-143.
    7. Carlos Oliveira Cruz & Joaquim Miranda Sarmento, 2020. "“Mobility as a Service” Platforms: A Critical Path towards Increasing the Sustainability of Transportation Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-15, August.
    8. Hensher, David A. & Mulley, Corinne & Nelson, John D., 2021. "Mobility as a service (MaaS) – Going somewhere or nowhere?," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 153-156.
    9. van Kuijk, Roy J. & de Almeida Correia, Gonçalo Homem & van Oort, Niels & van Arem, Bart, 2022. "Preferences for first and last mile shared mobility between stops and activity locations: A case study of local public transport users in Utrecht, the Netherlands," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 285-306.
    10. Pandit, Debapratim & Sharma, Deepa, 2022. "Expected service dimensions and service levels for paratransit considering future mobility needs in emerging countries," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1-13.
    11. Thomas Puls & Werner Olle & Heike Proff & Oliver Falck & Nina Czernich & Johannes Koenen & Florian Herrmann & Wolfgang Beinhauer & Stefan Reindl & Alexander Wottge & Roman Zitzelsberger & Ilka Horstme, 2021. "Structural Change in the Automotive Industry – Is the Pandemic Acting as an Accelerator?," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 74(05), pages 03-35, May.
    12. Alexandros Nikitas & Kalliopi Michalakopoulou & Eric Tchouamou Njoya & Dimitris Karampatzakis, 2020. "Artificial Intelligence, Transport and the Smart City: Definitions and Dimensions of a New Mobility Era," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-19, April.
    13. Xi, Haoning & Liu, Wei & Waller, S. Travis & Hensher, David A. & Kilby, Philip & Rey, David, 2023. "Incentive-compatible mechanisms for online resource allocation in Mobility-as-a-Service systems," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 119-147.
    14. Griffiths, S. & Furszyfer Del Rio, D. & Sovacool, B., 2021. "Policy mixes to achieve sustainable mobility after the COVID-19 crisis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).

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    Keywords

    Engineering; Benchmarking; Impacts; Mobility as a service; Mobility on demand; Public policy; Public transit; Public–private partnerships; Shared mobility; Travel behavior; Vehicle automation;
    All these keywords.

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