IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/revfec/v43y2025i2p231-257.html

The impact of Shariah compliance on firm's performance and risk

Author

Listed:
  • Amel Farhat
  • Amal Hili

Abstract

This study investigates the performance and risk of compliant stocks at the firm level, where compliance is determined by satisfying two screening stages outlined by Islamic law. Our empirical analysis employs quarterly cross‐sectional regressions, assessing how compliance influences both performance and risk using a combination of market‐based and accounting‐based metrics. Our results consistently reveal that compliant stocks exhibit significantly superior performance and lower risk compared to their conventional counterparts. These results remain robust across different business cycles and study periods. Our findings hold after accounting for different control variables known in finance literature to affect the cross‐section of stock returns.

Suggested Citation

  • Amel Farhat & Amal Hili, 2025. "The impact of Shariah compliance on firm's performance and risk," Review of Financial Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 43(2), pages 231-257, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:revfec:v:43:y:2025:i:2:p:231-257
    DOI: 10.1002/rfe.1227
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/rfe.1227
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/rfe.1227?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Laurie W. Paint, 1991. "An Investigation Of Industry And Firm Structural Characteristics In Corporate Turnarounds," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(6), pages 623-643, November.
    2. Hutchinson, Mark C. & Mulcahy, Mark & O'Brien, John, 2018. "What is the cost of faith? An empirical investigation of Islamic purification," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 134-143.
    3. Ahmed, Walid M.A., 2018. "How do Islamic versus conventional equity markets react to political risk? Dynamic panel evidence," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 284-304.
    4. Ang, Andrew & Liu, Jun, 2007. "Risk, return, and dividends," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 85(1), pages 1-38, July.
    5. Hodrick, Robert J, 1992. "Dividend Yields and Expected Stock Returns: Alternative Procedures for Inference and Measurement," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 5(3), pages 357-386.
    6. Ahmed, Walid M.A., 2019. "Islamic and conventional equity markets: Two sides of the same coin, or not?," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 191-205.
    7. Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Ferrer, Román & Ballester, Laura & Umar, Zaghum, 2017. "Risk transmission between Islamic and conventional stock markets: A return and volatility spillover analysis," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 9-26.
    8. Lawrence Brown & Marcus Caylor, 2009. "Corporate governance and firm operating performance," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 32(2), pages 129-144, February.
    9. Darren D. Lee & Jacquelyn E. Humphrey & Karen L. Benson & Jason Y. K. Ahn, 2010. "Socially responsible investment fund performance: the impact of screening intensity," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 50(2), pages 351-370, June.
    10. Mouna Boujelbene Abbes & Yousra Trichilli, 2015. "Islamic stock markets and potential diversification benefits," Borsa Istanbul Review, Research and Business Development Department, Borsa Istanbul, vol. 15(2), pages 93-105, June.
    11. Adel Ahmed, 2010. "Global financial crisis: an Islamic finance perspective," International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 3(4), pages 306-320, November.
    12. Andreas G.F. Hoepner & Hussain G. Rammal & Michael Rezec, 2011. "Islamic mutual funds’ financial performance and international investment style: evidence from 20 countries," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(9-10), pages 829-850, November.
    13. Raza, Muhammad Wajid & Ashraf, Dawood, 2019. "Does the application of smart beta strategies enhance portfolio performance? The case of Islamic equity investments," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 46-61.
    14. Fama, Eugene F. & French, Kenneth R., 1993. "Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(1), pages 3-56, February.
    15. Barber, Brad M. & Lyon, John D., 1996. "Detecting abnormal operating performance: The empirical power and specification of test statistics," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 41(3), pages 359-399, July.
    16. Adel Ahmed, 2010. "Global financial crisis: an Islamic finance perspective," International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 3(4), pages 306-320, November.
    17. Blume, Marshall E, 1980. "Stock Returns and Dividend Yields: Some More Evidence," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 62(4), pages 567-577, November.
    18. van Dijk, Mathijs A., 2011. "Is size dead? A review of the size effect in equity returns," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(12), pages 3263-3274.
    19. Jaballah, Jamil & Peillex, Jonathan & Weill, Laurent, 2018. "Is Being Sharia compliant worth it?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 353-362.
    20. Jensen, Michael C. & Meckling, William H., 2008. "Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure," RAE - Revista de Administração de Empresas, FGV-EAESP Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo (Brazil), vol. 48(2), April.
    21. Adel Ahmed, 2010. "Global financial crisis: an Islamic finance perspective," International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 3(4), pages 306-320, November.
    22. Ang, Andrew & Hodrick, Robert J. & Xing, Yuhang & Zhang, Xiaoyan, 2009. "High idiosyncratic volatility and low returns: International and further U.S. evidence," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(1), pages 1-23, January.
    23. Purnanandam, Amiyatosh, 2008. "Financial distress and corporate risk management: Theory and evidence," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(3), pages 706-739, March.
    24. Md. Mahmudul Alam & Chowdhury Shahed Akbar & Shawon Muhammad Shahriar & Mohammad Monzur Elahi, 2017. "The IslamicShariahprinciples for investment in stock market," Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 9(2), pages 132-146, May.
    25. Durand, Robert B. & Koh, SzeKee & Limkriangkrai, Manapon, 2013. "Saints versus Sinners. Does morality matter?," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 166-183.
    26. Mandelker, Gershon N. & Rhee, S. Ghon, 1984. "The Impact of the Degrees of Operating and Financial Leverage on Systematic Risk of Common Stock," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 19(1), pages 45-57, March.
    27. Haitham A. Al-Zoubi & Aktham I. Maghyereh, 2007. "The Relative Risk Performance Of Islamic Finance: A New Guide To Less Risky Investments," International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance (IJTAF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 10(02), pages 235-249.
    28. Buerhan Saiti & Obiyathulla I. Bacha & Mansur Masih, 2014. "The diversification benefits from Islamic investment during the financial turmoil: The case for the US-based equity investors," Borsa Istanbul Review, Research and Business Development Department, Borsa Istanbul, vol. 14(4), pages 196-211, December.
    29. Harry Markowitz, 1952. "The Utility of Wealth," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 60(2), pages 151-151.
    30. Ali I. El Saleh & Doureige J. Jurdi, 2021. "Stock performance under alternative Shariah screening methods: Evidence from Australia," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 61(3), pages 4339-4388, September.
    31. Chen, Huafeng Jason & Kacperczyk, Marcin & Ortiz-Molina, Hernán, 2011. "Labor Unions, Operating Flexibility, and the Cost of Equity," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 46(1), pages 25-58, February.
    32. Aloui, Chaker & Hkiri, Besma & Lau, Chi Keung Marco & Yarovaya, Larisa, 2016. "Investors’ sentiment and US Islamic and conventional indexes nexus: A time–frequency analysis," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 19(C), pages 54-59.
    33. Alexakis, Christos & Pappas, Vasileios & Tsikouras, Alexandros, 2017. "Hidden cointegration reveals hidden values in Islamic investments," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 70-83.
    34. Shamsuddin, Abul, 2014. "Are Dow Jones Islamic equity indices exposed to interest rate risk?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 273-281.
    35. Pastor, Lubos & Stambaugh, Robert F., 2003. "Liquidity Risk and Expected Stock Returns," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 111(3), pages 642-685, June.
    36. John A. Sandwick & Pablo Collazzo, 2021. "Modern portfolio theory with sharia: a comparative analysis," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 22(1), pages 30-42, February.
    37. Amel Farhat & Amal Hili, 2024. "The performance of compliant stocks during the Covid-19 crisis," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 25(1), pages 70-95, February.
    38. Kelly Phipps, 2012. "Spirituality and Strategic Leadership: The Influence of Spiritual Beliefs on Strategic Decision Making," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 106(2), pages 177-189, March.
    39. Zaghum Umar & Tahir Suleman, 2017. "Asymmetric Return and Volatility Transmission in Conventional and Islamic Equities," Risks, MDPI, vol. 5(2), pages 1-18, March.
    40. Rayburn, J, 1986. "The Association Of Operating Cash Flow And Accruals With Security Returns," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 24, pages 112-133.
    41. Ashraf, Dawood & Felixson, Karl & Khawaja, Mohsin & Hussain, Syed Mujahid, 2017. "Do constraints on financial and operating leverage affect the performance of Islamic equity portfolios?," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 171-182.
    42. Mehmet Asutay & Yumeng Wang & Alija Avdukic, 2022. "Examining the Performance of Islamic and Conventional Stock Indices: A Comparative Analysis," Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, Springer;Japanese Association of Financial Economics and Engineering, vol. 29(2), pages 327-355, June.
    43. Hong, Harrison & Kacperczyk, Marcin, 2009. "The price of sin: The effects of social norms on markets," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(1), pages 15-36, July.
    44. Aharoni, Gil & Grundy, Bruce & Zeng, Qi, 2013. "Stock returns and the Miller Modigliani valuation formula: Revisiting the Fama French analysis," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 110(2), pages 347-357.
    45. Boudt, Kris & Raza, Muhammad Wajid & Wauters, Marjan, 2019. "Evaluating the Shariah-compliance of equity portfolios: The weighting method matters," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 406-417.
    46. Christos Alexakis & Vasileios Pappas & Alexandros Tsikouras, 2017. "Hidden cointegration reveals hidden values in Islamic investments," Post-Print hal-02006352, HAL.
    47. Fama, Eugene F. & French, Kenneth R., 2006. "Profitability, investment and average returns," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 82(3), pages 491-518, December.
    48. Ajmi, Ahdi Noomen & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Nguyen, Duc Khuong & Sarafrazi, Soodabeh, 2014. "How strong are the causal relationships between Islamic stock markets and conventional financial systems? Evidence from linear and nonlinear tests," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 213-227.
    49. Ashraf, Dawood & Mohammad, Nazeeruddin, 2014. "Matching perception with the reality—Performance of Islamic equity investments," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 175-189.
    50. Nagayev, Ruslan & Disli, Mustafa & Inghelbrecht, Koen & Ng, Adam, 2016. "On the dynamic links between commodities and Islamic equity," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 125-140.
    51. Luis García‐Feijóo & Benjamin A. Jansen, 2023. "International evidence on the association of leverage with stock returns and the value premium," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 58(2), pages 315-341, May.
    52. Al-Yahyaee, Khamis Hamed & Mensi, Walid & Rehman, Mobeen Ur & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2020. "Do Islamic stocks outperform conventional stock sectors during normal and crisis periods? Extreme co-movements and portfolio management analysis," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    53. Cao, Viet Nga, 2015. "What explains the value premium? The case of adjustment costs, operating leverage and financial leverage," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 350-366.
    54. Mao, Connie X., 2003. "Interaction of Debt Agency Problems and Optimal Capital Structure: Theory and Evidence," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 38(2), pages 399-423, June.
    55. Smith, Brian F. & Amoako-Adu, Ben, 1999. "Management succession and financial performance of family controlled firms," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 5(4), pages 341-368, December.
    56. Omar Farooq & Amal Alahkam, 2016. "Performance of shariah-compliant firms and non-shariah-compliant firms in the MENA region," Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 7(4), pages 268-281, September.
    57. Al-Khazali, Osamah & Lean, Hooi Hooi & Samet, Anis, 2014. "Do Islamic stock indexes outperform conventional stock indexes? A stochastic dominance approach," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 29-46.
    58. Nafis Alam & M. Kabir Hassan & Mohammad Aminul Haque, 2013. "Are Islamic bonds different from conventional bonds? International evidence from capital market tests," Borsa Istanbul Review, Research and Business Development Department, Borsa Istanbul, vol. 13(3), pages 22-29, September.
    59. Fama, Eugene F. & French, Kenneth R., 1988. "Dividend yields and expected stock returns," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 3-25, October.
    60. Palazzo, Berardino, 2012. "Cash holdings, risk, and expected returns," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(1), pages 162-185.
    61. Yunieta Nainggolan & Janice How & Peter Verhoeven, 2016. "Ethical Screening and Financial Performance: The Case of Islamic Equity Funds," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 137(1), pages 83-99, August.
    62. Banz, Rolf W., 1981. "The relationship between return and market value of common stocks," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 9(1), pages 3-18, March.
    63. M. Kabir Hassan & Sirajo Aliyu & Andrea Paltrinieri & Ashraf Khan, 2019. "A Review of Islamic Investment Literature," Economic Papers, The Economic Society of Australia, vol. 38(4), pages 345-380, December.
    64. Ball, Ray & Gerakos, Joseph & Linnainmaa, Juhani T. & Nikolaev, Valeri, 2016. "Accruals, cash flows, and operating profitability in the cross section of stock returns," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 121(1), pages 28-45.
    65. M. H. Khatkhatay & Shariq Nisar, 2007. "Shari[Ah Compliant Equity Investments: An Assessment Of Current Screening Norms," Islamic Economic Studies, The Islamic Research and Training Institute (IRTI), vol. 15, pages 48-76.
    66. Ahmed Elnahas & Ghada Ismail & Rwan El‐Khatib & M. Kabir Hassan, 2021. "Islamic labeled firms: Revisiting Dow Jones measure of compliance," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(5-6), pages 988-1021, May.
    67. Flannery, Mark J, 1994. "Debt Maturity and the Deadweight Cost of Leverage: Optimally Financing Banking Firms," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 84(1), pages 320-331, March.
    68. Jegadeesh, Narasimhan & Titman, Sheridan, 1993. "Returns to Buying Winners and Selling Losers: Implications for Stock Market Efficiency," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 48(1), pages 65-91, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Delle Foglie, Andrea & Panetta, Ida Claudia, 2020. "Islamic stock market versus conventional: Are islamic investing a ‘Safe Haven’ for investors? A systematic literature review," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    2. Chazi, Abdelaziz & Samet, Anis & Azad, A.S.M. Sohel, 2023. "Volatility and correlation of Islamic and conventional indices during crises," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    3. Rehman, Mobeen Ur & Asghar, Nadia & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2020. "Do Islamic indices provide diversification to bitcoin? A time-varying copulas and value at risk application," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    4. Khan, Abdullah & Rizvi, Syed Aun R. & Ali, Mohsin & Haroon, Omair, 2021. "A survey of Islamic finance research – Influences and influencers," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    5. Haddad, Hedi Ben & Mezghani, Imed & Al Dohaiman, Mohammed, 2020. "Common shocks, common transmission mechanisms and time-varying connectedness among Dow Jones Islamic stock market indices and global risk factors," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 44(2).
    6. Adam Zaremba & Jacob Koby Shemer, 2018. "Price-Based Investment Strategies," Springer Books, Springer, number 978-3-319-91530-2, January.
    7. Ahmed, Walid M.A., 2021. "How do Islamic equity markets respond to good and bad volatility of cryptocurrencies? The case of Bitcoin," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    8. Andrew Y. Chen & Tom Zimmermann, 2022. "Open Source Cross-Sectional Asset Pricing," Critical Finance Review, now publishers, vol. 11(2), pages 207-264, May.
    9. Osamah AlKhazali & Hooi Hooi Lean & Taisier Zoubi, 2022. "The Size Anomaly in Islamic Stock Indices: A Stochastic Dominance Approach," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-14, November.
    10. Alhomaidi, Asem & Hassan, M. Kabir & Hippler, William J. & Mamun, Abdullah, 2019. "The impact of religious certification on market segmentation and investor recognition," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 28-48.
    11. Asem Alhomaidi & M. Kabir Hassan & William J. Hippler, 2018. "The Effect of Implicit Market Barriers on Stock Trading and Liquidity," NFI Working Papers 2018-WP-02, Indiana State University, Scott College of Business, Networks Financial Institute.
    12. Clarke, Charles, 2022. "The level, slope, and curve factor model for stocks," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 143(1), pages 159-187.
    13. Narayan, Paresh Kumar & Phan, Dinh Hoang Bach, 2017. "Momentum strategies for Islamic stocks," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 96-112.
    14. Ashraf Khan & Stefano Piserà & Laura Chiaramonte & Alberto Dreassi & Andrea Paltrinieri, 2022. "Are Islamic investments still safe assets during the COVID‐19 pandemic?," Review of Financial Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 40(3), pages 281-299, July.
    15. Md Safiullah & Abul Shamsuddin, 2021. "Asset pricing factors in Islamic equity returns," International Review of Finance, International Review of Finance Ltd., vol. 21(2), pages 523-554, June.
    16. Cheong, Calvin W.H., 2021. "Risk, resilience, and Shariah-compliance," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    17. Hou, Kewei & Xue, Chen & Zhang, Lu, 2017. "Replicating Anomalies," Working Paper Series 2017-10, Ohio State University, Charles A. Dice Center for Research in Financial Economics.
    18. Mateus, Irina B. & Mateus, Cesario & Todorovic, Natasa, 2019. "Review of new trends in the literature on factor models and mutual fund performance," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 344-354.
    19. Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Ferrer, Román & Ballester, Laura & Umar, Zaghum, 2017. "Risk transmission between Islamic and conventional stock markets: A return and volatility spillover analysis," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 9-26.
    20. Gad, Samar & Andrikopoulos, Panagiotis, 2019. "Diversification benefits of Shari'ah compliant equity ETFs in emerging markets," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 133-144.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:revfec:v:43:y:2025:i:2:p:231-257. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://doi.org/10.1002/(ISSN)1873-5924 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.