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On the role of the zero conditional mean assumption for causal inference in linear models

Author

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  • Federico Crudu
  • Michael C. Knaus
  • Giovanni Mellace
  • Joeri Smits

Abstract

Many econometrics textbooks imply that under mean independence of the regressors and the error term, the ordinary least squares (OLS) parameters have a causal interpretation. We show that even when this assumption is satisfied, OLS might identify a pseudoparameter that does not have a causal interpretation. Even assuming that the linear model is “structural” creates some ambiguity in what the regression error represents and whether the OLS estimand is causal. This issue applies equally to linear instrumental variable and panel data models. To give these estimands a causal interpretation, one needs to impose assumptions on a “causal” model, for example, using the potential outcome framework. This highlights that causal inference requires causal and not just stochastic assumptions. Rôle de l'hypothèse de l'espérance conditionnellement nulle pour l'inférence causale dans les modèles linéaires. De nombreux manuels d'économétrie laissent entendre que, sous réserve de l'indépendance moyenne entre les variables explicatives et le terme d'erreur, les paramètres obtenus par la méthode des moindres carrés ordinaire (MCO) ont une interprétation causale. Nous montrons que même lorsque cette hypothèse est satisfaite, la méthode des MCO peut définir un pseudoparamètre qui n'a pas d'interprétation causale. Même en supposant que le modèle linéaire est «structurel», il subsiste une ambiguïté quant à la signification du terme d'erreur de la régression et quant à savoir si le paramètre obtenu par la méthode des MCO est bien causal. Ce problème s'applique également aux modèles linéaires à variables instrumentales et aux modèles sur données de panel. Pour conférer à ces paramètres une interprétation causale, on doit imposer des hypothèses sur un modèle «causal», en utilisant par exemple le cadre des résultats possibles. L'inférence causale demande donc des hypothèses causales et non simplement stochastiques.

Suggested Citation

  • Federico Crudu & Michael C. Knaus & Giovanni Mellace & Joeri Smits, 2025. "On the role of the zero conditional mean assumption for causal inference in linear models," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 58(4), pages 1377-1390, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:58:y:2025:i:4:p:1377-1390
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.70028
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    3. Bonev, Petyo, 2023. "Behavioral Spillovers," Economics Working Paper Series 2303, University of St. Gallen, School of Economics and Political Science.

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