IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/engenv/v35y2024i5p2407-2430.html

Analyzing the linkage between public debt, renewable electricity output, and CO2 emissions in emerging economies: Does the N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve exist?

Author

Listed:
  • Ayoub Zeraibi
  • Magdalena Radulescu
  • Muhammad Kamran Khan
  • Muhammad Hafeez
  • Atif Jahanger

Abstract

The main objective of the current study is to analyze the nexus between public debt, renewable electricity, economic growth, and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in emerging economies between 1990 and 2020. The augmented mean group (AMG), fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) models have been applied to analyze the long-run estimation. The empirical evidence demonstrates that public debt, renewable electricity reduces CO 2 emissions. Furthermore, an N-shaped relationship has been identified between per capita CO 2 emissions and per capita GDP in emerging nations. Also, the result reveals a bidirectional causal relationship between public debt and economic growth, CO 2 emissions and economic growth, public debt and CO 2 emissions, and renewable electricity and economic growth. The current study recommends promoting the renewable energy transition, elevating renewable electricity generation capacities, and ensuring greener economic growth by emitting carbon dioxide emissions across emerging countries. The government across each region could incorporate taxes and other incentives to encourage entrepreneurs and citizens to produce equipment that reduces carbon intensity and is ecologically friendly.

Suggested Citation

  • Ayoub Zeraibi & Magdalena Radulescu & Muhammad Kamran Khan & Muhammad Hafeez & Atif Jahanger, 2024. "Analyzing the linkage between public debt, renewable electricity output, and CO2 emissions in emerging economies: Does the N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve exist?," Energy & Environment, , vol. 35(5), pages 2407-2430, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:engenv:v:35:y:2024:i:5:p:2407-2430
    DOI: 10.1177/0958305X231151678
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0958305X231151678
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1177/0958305X231151678?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Emrah Bese & Haven Swint Friday & Cihan zden, 2021. "The Effect of External Debt on Emissions: Evidence from China," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(1), pages 440-447.
    2. Abid Rashid Gill & Kuperan K. Viswanathan & Sallahuddin Hassan, 2018. "A test of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for carbon emission and potential of renewable energy to reduce green house gases (GHG) in Malaysia," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 20(3), pages 1103-1114, June.
    3. Tenaw, Dagmawe & Beyene, Abebe D., 2021. "Environmental sustainability and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa: A modified EKC hypothesis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    4. Sharif, Arshian & Baris-Tuzemen, Ozge & Uzuner, Gizem & Ozturk, Ilhan & Sinha, Avik, 2020. "Revisiting the role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on Turkey’s ecological footprint: Evidence from Quantile ARDL approach," MPRA Paper 100044, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Álvarez-Herránz, Agustín & Balsalobre, Daniel & Cantos, José María & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2017. "Energy Innovations-GHG Emissions Nexus: Fresh Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 90-100.
    6. Selden Thomas M. & Song Daqing, 1994. "Environmental Quality and Development: Is There a Kuznets Curve for Air Pollution Emissions?," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 147-162, September.
    7. Dumitrescu, Elena-Ivona & Hurlin, Christophe, 2012. "Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 1450-1460.
    8. Holtz-Eakin, Douglas & Selden, Thomas M., 1995. "Stoking the fires? CO2 emissions and economic growth," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 57(1), pages 85-101, May.
    9. De Bruyn, Sander M., 1997. "Explaining the environmental Kuznets curve: structural change and international agreements in reducing sulphur emissions," Environment and Development Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 2(4), pages 485-503, November.
    10. Salahuddin, Mohammad & Gow, Jeff & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2015. "Is the long-run relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and financial development in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries robust?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 317-326.
    11. Joakim Westerlund, 2007. "Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 69(6), pages 709-748, December.
    12. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel & Sinha, Avik, 2019. "Foreign Direct Investment–CO2 Emissions Nexus in Middle East and North African countries: Importance of Biomass Energy Consumption," MPRA Paper 91729, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 19 Jan 2019.
    13. Pesaran, M Hashem, 1997. "The Role of Economic Theory in Modelling the Long Run," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 107(440), pages 178-191, January.
    14. Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Roubaud, David & Farhani, Sahbi, 2018. "How economic growth, renewable electricity and natural resources contribute to CO2 emissions?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 356-367.
    15. Muhammad Arif & Zhang Chenghu & Judit Olah & Khurram Shehzad & Mahmood Ahmad, 2022. "Specifying the Domineering Role of Governance in the Long Term Environmental Excellence: A Case Study of Pakistan," SAGE Open, , vol. 12(3), pages 21582440221, September.
    16. Rui M. Pereira & Alfredo M. Pereira, 2017. "The Economic and Budgetary Impact of Climate Policy in Portugal: Carbon Taxation in a Dynamic General Equilibrium Model with Endogenous Public Sector Behavior," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 67(2), pages 231-259, June.
    17. Tian Zhao & Zhixin Liu, 2022. "Drivers of CO 2 Emissions: A Debt Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-18, February.
    18. Grossman, G.M & Krueger, A.B., 1991. "Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement," Papers 158, Princeton, Woodrow Wilson School - Public and International Affairs.
    19. Pesaran, M. Hashem & Vanessa Smith, L. & Yamagata, Takashi, 2013. "Panel unit root tests in the presence of a multifactor error structure," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 175(2), pages 94-115.
    20. Abdulaziz A. Alotaibi & Naif Alajlan, 2021. "Using Quantile Regression to Analyze the Relationship between Socioeconomic Indicators and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in G20 Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-12, June.
    21. Bovari, Emmanuel & Lecuyer, Oskar & Mc Isaac, Florent, 2018. "Debt and damages: What are the chances of staying under the 2°C warming threshold?," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 92-108.
    22. Azilah Hasnisah & A. A. Azlina & Che Mohd Imran Che Taib, 2019. "The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Empirical Evidence from Developing Countries in Asia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(3), pages 135-143.
    23. Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel & Driha, Oana M. & Sinha, Avik, 2020. "The dynamic effects of globalization process in analysing N-shaped tourism led growth hypothesis," MPRA Paper 100078, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    24. Hashemizadeh, Ali & Bui, Quocviet & Kongbuamai, Nattapan, 2021. "Unpacking the role of public debt in renewable energy consumption: New insights from the emerging countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    25. Gabriel Bachner & Birgit Bednar-Friedl & Nina Knittel, 2019. "How does climate change adaptation affect public budgets? Development of an assessment framework and a demonstration for Austria," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 24(7), pages 1325-1341, October.
    26. Kapetanios, G. & Pesaran, M. Hashem & Yamagata, T., 2011. "Panels with non-stationary multifactor error structures," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 160(2), pages 326-348, February.
    27. Imran Hanif & Sally Wallace & Pilar Gago-de-Santos, 2020. "Economic Growth by Means of Fiscal Decentralization: An Empirical Study for Federal Developing Countries," SAGE Open, , vol. 10(4), pages 21582440209, October.
    28. Abdul Majid Awan & Muhammad Azam, 2022. "Evaluating the impact of GDP per capita on environmental degradation for G-20 economies: Does N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve exist?," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(9), pages 11103-11126, September.
    29. Salari, Mahmoud & Javid, Roxana J. & Noghanibehambari, Hamid, 2021. "The nexus between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth in the U.S," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 182-194.
    30. M. Hashem Pesaran, 2007. "A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 22(2), pages 265-312.
    31. Samuli Patala & Jouni K. Juntunen & Sarianna Lundan & Tiina Ritvala, 2021. "Multinational energy utilities in the energy transition: A configurational study of the drivers of FDI in renewables," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 52(5), pages 930-950, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Gong, Xue & Aslam, Muhammad Umar, 2024. "The role of natural resources, and economic development in evaluating the environmental effects of biofuel and waste energy generation in the group of BRICS," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 372(C).
    2. Zafar, Muhammad Wasif & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Sinha, Avik & Sengupta, Tuhin & Qin, Quande, 2020. "How Renewable Energy Consumption Contribute to Environmental Quality? The Role of Education in OECD Countries," MPRA Paper 100259, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 08 May 2020.
    3. Ahmad, Mahmood & Jiang, Ping & Majeed, Abdul & Umar, Muhammad & Khan, Zeeshan & Muhammad, Sulaman, 2020. "The dynamic impact of natural resources, technological innovations and economic growth on ecological footprint: An advanced panel data estimation," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    4. Lobna Abid & Sana Kacem & Haifa Saadaoui, 2024. "Addressing the Environmental Kuznets Curve in the West African Countries: Exploring the Roles of FDI, Corruption, and Renewable Energy," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(4), pages 20491-20515, December.
    5. Fakher, Hossein Ali & Ahmed, Zahoor & Acheampong, Alex O. & Nathaniel, Solomon Prince, 2023. "Renewable energy, nonrenewable energy, and environmental quality nexus: An investigation of the N-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve based on six environmental indicators," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PA).
    6. Li, Rongrong & Wang, Qiang & Li, Lejia & Hu, Sailan, 2023. "Do natural resource rent and corruption governance reshape the environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint? Evidence from 158 countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    7. Kostakis, Ioannis & Arauzo-Carod, Josep-Maria, 2023. "The key roles of renewable energy and economic growth in disaggregated environmental degradation: Evidence from highly developed, heterogeneous and cross-correlated countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 1315-1325.
    8. Kangyin Dong & Xiucheng Dong & Qingzhe Jiang, 2020. "How renewable energy consumption lower global CO2 emissions? Evidence from countries with different income levels," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(6), pages 1665-1698, June.
    9. Yu-Ke, Chen & Hassan, Muhammad Shahid & Kalim, Rukhsana & Mahmood, Haider & Arshed, Noman & Salman, Muhammad, 2022. "Testing asymmetric influence of clean and unclean energy for targeting environmental quality in environmentally poor economies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 765-775.
    10. Majed Atwi & Ramón Barberán & Jesús Mur & Ana Angulo, 2018. "CO2 Kuznets Curve Revisited: From Cross-Sections to Panel Data Models," INVESTIGACIONES REGIONALES - Journal of REGIONAL RESEARCH, Asociación Española de Ciencia Regional, issue 40, pages 169-196.
    11. Muhammad Bilal Khan & Hummera Saleem & Malik Shahzad Shabbir & Xie Huobao, 2022. "The effects of globalization, energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in South Asian countries," Energy & Environment, , vol. 33(1), pages 107-134, February.
    12. Balsalobre, Daniel & Sinha, Avik & Driha, Oana M. & Shujaat Mubarik, Muhammad, 2021. "Assessing the Impacts of Ageing and Natural Resource Extraction on Carbon Emissions: A proposed Policy Framework for European Economies," MPRA Paper 108159, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2021.
    13. Abdul Majeed & Chengang Ye & Ye Chenyun & Xu Wei & Muniba, 2022. "Roles of natural resources, globalization, and technological innovations in mitigation of environmental degradation in BRI economies," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(6), pages 1-22, June.
    14. Yazici, Ayşe Meriç & Udemba, Edmund Ntom & Öztirak, Mesut & Bayram, Vildan & Mei, Yu, 2025. "Pathway to energy transition and sustainable environmental development and management: Analysis of hydropower energy policy as part of climate actions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    15. Usman, Muhammad & Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel & Jahanger, Atif & Ahmad, Paiman, 2022. "Pollution concern during globalization mode in financially resource-rich countries: Do financial development, natural resources, and renewable energy consumption matter?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 90-102.
    16. Bright Akwasi Gyamfi & Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo & Festus Victor Bekun & Mary Oluwatoyin Agboola, 2023. "Sterling insights into natural resources intensification, ageing population and globalization on environmental status in Mediterranean countries," Energy & Environment, , vol. 34(5), pages 1471-1491, August.
    17. Sencer Atasoy, Burak, 2017. "Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis across the U.S.: Evidence from panel mean group estimators," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 731-747.
    18. Abid, Nabila & Ahmad, Fayyaz & Aftab, Junaid & Razzaq, Asif, 2023. "A blessing or a burden? Assessing the impact of Climate Change Mitigation efforts in Europe using Quantile Regression Models," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    19. Bright Akwasi Gyamfi & Asiedu B. Ampomah & Festus V. Bekun & Simplice A. Asongu, 2022. "Can information and communication technology and institutional quality help mitigate climate change in E7 economies? An environmental Kuznets curve extension," Journal of Economic Structures, Springer;Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS), vol. 11(1), pages 1-20, December.
    20. Hasan, Md. Bokhtiar & Wieloch, Justyna & Ali, Md. Sumon & Zikovic, Sasa & Uddin, Gazi Salah, 2023. "A new answer to the old question of the environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Does it work for BRICS countries?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(PB).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:sae:engenv:v:35:y:2024:i:5:p:2407-2430. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: SAGE Publications (email available below). General contact details of provider: .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.