IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/ris/ecoint/0858.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Testing for Convergence in Per Capita Income within ECOWAS

Author

Listed:
  • Anoruo, Emmanuel

    (College of Business, Coppin State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA)

Abstract

This paper tests for convergence in per capita income among ECOWAS member states. In particular, this paper applies the panel convergence procedure which has the ability to endogenously determine the existence of full convergence and convergence clubs. The study used the dip-test to check the robustness of the results from the panel convergence tests. To gain a better understanding of the issue of per capita income convergence within the community, the study is undertaken in three different time frames including the full, pre- and post-ECOWAS sample periods. The results reject the null hypothesis of full convergence in per capita income among ECOWAS member states during the full and two subsample periods. These results indicate that all of the countries have not converged to a single equilibrium state. However, the results did provide evidence of convergence clubs within ECOWAS member states during the full and two subsample periods. The results from the dip-test corroborate those from the panel convergence test in the sense that the null of hypothesis of full convergence is rejected. The failure to find evidence of full convergence highlights the need for ECOWAS member states to embark on more proactive economic policy coordination, especially in the areas of trade, fiscal and monetary policies. Test di convergenza nel reddito procapite nella Comunità economica degli Stati dell’Africa Occidentale Questo studio effettua test di convergenza nel reddito procapite nei paesi ECOWAS. Si applica la procedura panel di convergenza per determinare in modo endogeno l’esistenza di convergenza massima e di club di convergenza. È stato impiegato il dip-test per controllare la robustezza dei risultati di convergenza panel. Per meglio comprendere il problema della convergenza nel reddito procapite, lo studio è stato eseguito su tre intervalli temporali includendo sia periodi di appartenenza alla comunità che pre- e post- comunità. I risultati negano l’ipotesi di nullità di convergenza massima nel reddito procapite nei paesi membri, sia durante il periodo di appartenenza che nei due sotto-periodi. Quindi per nessun paese la convergenza ha un unico punto di equilibrio. Ci sono evidenze che indicano club di convergenza tra i paesi membri durante il periodo di appartenenza e durante i due sotto-periodi. I risultati del dip-test avvalorano quelli del test panel, quindi viene rigettata l’ipotesi nulla.

Suggested Citation

  • Anoruo, Emmanuel, 2019. "Testing for Convergence in Per Capita Income within ECOWAS," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, vol. 72(4), pages 493-512.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:ecoint:0858
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.iei1946.it/upload/rivista_articoli/allegati/295_anoruoricfinalx.pdf
    File Function: Full text
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Robert C. Feenstra & Robert Inklaar & Marcel P. Timmer, 2015. "The Next Generation of the Penn World Table," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 105(10), pages 3150-3182, October.
    2. Sala-i-Martin, Xavier X, 1996. "The Classical Approach to Convergence Analysis," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 106(437), pages 1019-1036, July.
    3. Robert M. Solow, 1956. "A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 70(1), pages 65-94.
    4. Bernard, Andrew B. & Durlauf, Steven N., 1996. "Interpreting tests of the convergence hypothesis," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 71(1-2), pages 161-173.
    5. Yin-Wong Cheung & Antonio Garcia Pascual, 2004. "Testing for output convergence: a re-examination," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 56(1), pages 45-63, January.
    6. Im, Kyung So & Pesaran, M. Hashem & Shin, Yongcheol, 2003. "Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 115(1), pages 53-74, July.
    7. Bunyaratavej Kraiwinee & Hahn Eugene D., 2005. "An Integrative Approach to Measuring Economic Convergence: The Case of the European Union," Global Economy Journal, De Gruyter, vol. 5(2), pages 1-25, July.
    8. Veli YILANCI & Ercan SARIDOĞAN & Okşan ARTAR, 2014. "A stochastic convergence analysis for selected East Asian and Pacific countries: A Fourier unit root test approach," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania - AGER, vol. 0(9(598)), pages 51-60, September.
    9. Basil Jones, 2002. "Economic Integration and Convergence of Per Capita Income in West Africa," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 14(1), pages 18-47.
    10. Caselli, Francesco & Esquivel, Gerardo & Lefort, Fernando, 1996. "Reopening the Convergence Debate: A New Look at Cross-Country Growth Empirics," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 1(3), pages 363-389, September.
    11. Carmignani, Fabrizio, 2007. "A note on income converge effects in regional integration agreements," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 94(3), pages 361-366, March.
    12. N. Gregory Mankiw & David Romer & David N. Weil, 1992. "A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 107(2), pages 407-437.
    13. Camarero, Mariam & Flores, Renato Jr. & Tamarit, Cecilio R., 2006. "Monetary union and productivity differences in Mercosur countries," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 53-66, January.
    14. Omid Ranjbar & Chien-Chiang Lee & Tsangyao Chang & Mei-Ping Chen, 2014. "Income Convergence in African Countries: Evidence from a Stationary Test With Multiple Structural Breaks," South African Journal of Economics, Economic Society of South Africa, vol. 82(3), pages 371-391, September.
    15. repec:agr:journl:v:9(598):y:2014:i:9(598):p:51-60 is not listed on IDEAS
    16. Chowdhury, K, 2005. "What´s Happening to Per Capita Gdp in the ASEAN Countries?. An Analysis of Convergence, 1960-2001," Applied Econometrics and International Development, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, vol. 5(3).
    17. Chan‐Hyun Sohn & Hongshik Lee, 2006. "How FTAs Affect Income Levels of Member Countries," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(12), pages 1737-1757, December.
    18. Mu Shun Wang, 2012. "Income convergence within ASEAN, ASEAN+3: a panel unit root approach," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(5), pages 417-423, March.
    19. King, Alan & Ramlogan-Dobson, Carlyn, 2015. "International income convergence: Is Latin America actually different?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 212-222.
    20. Dowrick, Steve & Nguyen, Duc-Tho, 1989. "OECD Comparative Economic Growth 1950-85: Catch-Up and Convergence," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 79(5), pages 1010-1030, December.
    21. Nazrul Islam, 1995. "Growth Empirics: A Panel Data Approach," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 110(4), pages 1127-1170.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Dukhabandhu Sahoo & Diptimayee Mishra & Auro Kumar Sahoo & Phendulwa Zikhona Makunga & Jayanti Behera, 2020. "Regional and subregional analyses of macroeconomic policy strategies for growth and equality in Southern Africa," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2020-176, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    2. Uğur Ursavaş & Carlos Mendez, 2023. "Regional income convergence and conditioning factors in Turkey: revisiting the role of spatial dependence and neighbor effects," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 71(2), pages 363-389, October.
    3. Lare-Lantone, Kanfitine & Anoruo, Emmanuel, 2022. "West African Monetary Union and Colonial Economic Ties," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, vol. 75(3), pages 323-362.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. E. Tsanana & X. Chapsa & C. Katrakilidis, 2016. "Is growth corrupted or bureaucratic? Panel evidence from the enlarged EU," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(33), pages 3131-3147, July.
    2. Durlauf, Steven N. & Quah, Danny T., 1999. "The new empirics of economic growth," Handbook of Macroeconomics, in: J. B. Taylor & M. Woodford (ed.), Handbook of Macroeconomics, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 4, pages 235-308, Elsevier.
    3. Cem Ertur & Julie Le Gallo & Catherine Baumont, 2006. "The European Regional Convergence Process, 1980-1995: Do Spatial Regimes and Spatial Dependence Matter?," International Regional Science Review, , vol. 29(1), pages 3-34, January.
    4. Markus Eberhardt & Francis Teal, 2011. "Econometrics For Grumblers: A New Look At The Literature On Cross‐Country Growth Empirics," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(1), pages 109-155, February.
    5. Xanthippi Chapsa & Athanasios L. Athanasenas & Nikolaos Tabakis, 2019. "Real Convergence in EU-15: A Comparative Analysis of North versus South Europe," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(3), pages 3-21.
    6. Lenkei, Balint & Mustafa, Ghulam & Vecchi, Michela, 2018. "Growth in emerging economies: Is there a role for education?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 240-253.
    7. Jesús Rodríguez‐López & Diego Martínez‐López & Diego Romero‐Ávila, 2009. "Persistence of inequalities across the Spanish regions," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 88(4), pages 841-862, November.
    8. Li, Kui-Wai & Zhou, Xianbo & Pan, Zhewen, 2016. "Cross-country output convergence and growth: Evidence from varying coefficient nonparametric method," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 32-41.
    9. Jinzhao Chen, 2015. "Interprovincial Competitiveness and Economic Growth: Evidence from Chinese Provincial Data (1992–2008)," Pacific Economic Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 20(3), pages 388-414, August.
    10. Rosa Bernardini Papalia & Silvia Bertarelli, 2010. "Evaluating Total Factor Productivity Differences by a Mapping Structure in Growth Models," International Regional Science Review, , vol. 33(1), pages 31-59, January.
    11. Maria Abreu & Henri L.F. de Groot & Raymond J.G.M. Florax, 2005. "A Meta-Analysis of Beta-Convergence: The Legendary Two-Percent," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 05-001/3, Tinbergen Institute.
    12. Nazrul Islam, 2003. "What have We Learnt from the Convergence Debate?," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 17(3), pages 309-362, July.
    13. Yudon, Y. & Weeks, M., 2000. "Provincial Income Convergence in China, 1953-1997: a Panel Data Approach," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 0010, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
    14. Panagiotis Artelaris & Paschalis A. Arvanitidis & George Petrakos, 2011. "Convergence patterns in the world economy: exploring the nonlinearity hypothesis," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 38(3), pages 236-252, August.
    15. ?gel de la Fuente, "undated". "Convergence Across Countries And Regions: Theory And Empirics," UFAE and IAE Working Papers 447.00, Unitat de Fonaments de l'Anàlisi Econòmica (UAB) and Institut d'Anàlisi Econòmica (CSIC).
    16. Sulekha Hembram & Souparna Maji & Sushil Kr. Haldar, 2019. "Club Convergence among the Major Indian States During 1982–2014: Does Investment in Human Capital Matter?," South Asia Economic Journal, Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, vol. 20(2), pages 184-204, September.
    17. Schünemann, Johannes & Bloom, David E. & Canning, David & Kotschy, Rainer & Prettner, Klaus, 2018. "Health and Economic Growth: Reconciling the Micro and Macro Evidence," VfS Annual Conference 2018 (Freiburg, Breisgau): Digital Economy 181554, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    18. Sulekha Hembram & Sushil Kr. Haldar, 2019. "Beta, sigma and club convergence: Indian experience from 1980 to 2015," Indian Economic Review, Springer, vol. 54(2), pages 343-366, December.
    19. Uzma Zia, 2019. "An Evidence of Diverging SAARC Economies," PIDE-Working Papers 2019:170, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
    20. Celine Bonnefond, 2014. "Growth Dynamics And Conditional Convergence Among Chinese Provinces: A Panel Data Investigation Using System Gmm Estimator," Journal of Economic Development, Chung-Ang Unviersity, Department of Economics, vol. 39(4), pages 1-25, December.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Income Convergence; Convergence Club; ECOWAS; Dip-Test;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F36 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
    • P44 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Other Economic Systems - - - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
    • P45 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Other Economic Systems - - - International Linkages

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ris:ecoint:0858. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Angela Procopio (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/cacogit.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.