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Coût du travail et emploi des jeunes

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  • Gilbert Cette
  • Philippe Cuneo
  • Didier Eyssartier
  • Jérôme Gautié

Abstract

[eng] It is sometimes said that, in France, the extent of relative youth unemployment is due to the fact that there are no institutional methods, without considering the wide range of unemployment policies, that would enable to disconnect youth labour cost from adult labour cost. Such a disconnection may appear to be necessary in order to compensate for lower productivity, stemming from inexperience and a lack of training. The aim of this study is to give some elements to evaluate the macro- economic effects on may expect from a lowering of youth labour cost through a youth minimum wage or a specific reduction of employer's social contributions for young employed persons. Going through the theorical and empirical littérature gives the impression of a lot of uncertainties : empirical studies do not give precise answers to problems that are not solved by the theory regarding the impacts on employment and youth employment of the minimum wage. Empirical studies, curried out upon both North America and France, show results having poor robustness or even contradictory conclusions, especially concerning the present period. The present evaluation relies on the hypothesis of an elasticity of substitution between production factors (labour, capital but also between categories of the working population) equals to one. Our results confirm that the impact of both measures could be large as far as employment is concerned. Even if there is no massive solution to the nowadays worrying situation of the labour market, it seems that employment, especially youth employment, should be strongly stimulated. However, our results indicate that the total number of job creations is always less numerous than that of job creations for young persons. It means that the studied policies, even if they may improve the youth labour market, may have be detrimental for the adult labour market which would face job destructions. [fre] L'importance du chômage relatif des jeunes, en France, est parfois attribuée à l'absence de modalités institutionnelles, hors dispositifs de la politique de l'emploi au sens large, qui permettraient de déconnecter le coût du travail des jeunes de celui des adultes. Une telle déconnexion peut apparaître comme la compensation nécessaire d'une moindre productivité, due à l'inexpérience et au manque de formation. L'objet de cette étude est de fournir quelques éléments de synthèse de la littérature sur ce thème, puis de proposer une évaluation des effets macroéconomiques à attendre d'un abaissement du coût du travail des jeunes sous la forme soit de l'instauration d'un SMIC-jeunes, soit d'une diminution spécifique aux jeunes des charges sociales employeurs. Le survol de la littérature théorique et empirique débouche sur l'impression d'une relative incertitude, au sens où les études empiriques ne semblent pas vraiment trancher des questions que la théorie laisse elle-même en suspens, concernant les effets du salaire minimum (SM) sur l'emploi et le chômage des jeunes. La difficulté à se faire une idée claire des effets du SM découle des résultats peu robustes ou contradictoires des études empiriques, en Amérique du Nord comme en France, notamment pour la période récente. L'évaluation proposée repose sur l'hypothèse d'une élasticité de substitution unitaire entre les facteurs de production (capital et travail, mais aussi entre les diverses catégories d'actifs). Les résultats obtenus confirment que l'impact des deux mesures, en termes d'emplois créés pour les jeunes, serait important. Nos résultats indiquent cependant que les créations nettes d'emplois sont toujours plus nombreuses pour les jeunes que pour l'ensemble des actifs. Ce qui signifie que les mesures envisagées, si elles amélioreraient la situation des jeunes, dégraderaient dans le même temps la situation des non-jeunes qui subiraient des destructions nettes d'emplois.

Suggested Citation

  • Gilbert Cette & Philippe Cuneo & Didier Eyssartier & Jérôme Gautié, 1996. "Coût du travail et emploi des jeunes," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 56(1), pages 45-72.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1996_num_56_1_1415
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1996.1415
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1996.1415
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. D'Addio, Anna Cristina & Honoré, Bo E., 2010. "Duration Dependence and Timevarying Variables in Discrete Time Duration Models," Brazilian Review of Econometrics, Sociedade Brasileira de Econometria - SBE, vol. 30(2), December.
    2. Catherine Bruno & Sandrine Cazes, 1997. "Le chômage des jeunes en France : un état des lieux," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 62(1), pages 75-107.
    3. Paul Ryan, 2001. "The School-to-Work Transition: A Cross-National Perspective," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 39(1), pages 34-92, March.
    4. François Legendre, 1999. "Qu'a-t-on appris sur le lien salaire/ emploi grâce à l'économétrie ?," Cahiers d'Économie Politique, Programme National Persée, vol. 34(1), pages 221-255.
    5. Anonymous or collective, 1998. "La demande des entreprises sur le marché des biens et le marché du travail," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 134(3), pages 1-19.
    6. Hervé Le Bihan, 1998. "L'impact de la réduction des cotisations employeurs : quelques jalons macroéconomiques," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 66(1), pages 171-198.

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