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Chômage et invalidité après 50 ans : deux dispositifs alternatifs de sortie de l'emploi pour les seniors en mauvaise santé ?

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[fre] La France se caractérise par un taux d’emploi des 55-64 ans relativement faible, égal à 38 % (Eurostat, 2007), dû essentiellement à un marché du travail défavorable aux seniors et à diverses possibilités de départ anticipé (préretraites, dispenses de recherche d’emploi, pensions d’invalidité). À ces âges, un état de santé dégradé est un motif de cessation précoce d’activité par le biais de dispositifs tels que la CATS (Cessation Anticipée pour certains Travailleurs Salariés) ou la CAATA (Cessation Anticipée d’Activité pour les Travailleurs de l’Amiante) mais aussi via l’inactivité temporaire (les indemnités journalières maladie) ou permanente (les pensions d’invalidité). Dans ce contexte, il semble intéressant d’identifier les facteurs déterminants de la participation, ou non, au marché du travail après 50 ans et le lien entre santé dégradée et statut d’activité (emploi, inactifs et chômeurs en particulier). Il apparaît que la prévalence d’une limitation fonctionnelle dans les activités quotidiennes conduit à une exclusion plus forte des plus de 50 ans sur le marché du travail. Une partie des personnes âgées de 55 à 59 ans en incapacité se retrouvent au chômage et ne recherchent pas d’emploi, c’est-à-dire qu’elles sont potentiellement dispensées de recherche d’emploi. Ceci validerait l’hypothèse selon laquelle une partie des dispensés de recherche d’emploi sont des personnes dont l’état de santé est altéré. [spa] Paro e invalidez pasado los 50 años : ¿ dos dispositivos alternativos para la salida del empleo de los senior en mala salud ? . . Francia se caracteriza por un porcentaje de empleo del tramo de 55-64 años relativamente bajo, igual a un 38 % entre 55 y 64 años (Eurostat, 2007), debido esencialmente a un mercado del trabajo desfavorable a los senior y a diversas posibilidades de salida anticipada (prejubilación, dispensas de buscar trabajo, pensiones de invalidez). A estas edades, un estado de salud degradado es un motivo de cese precoz de la actividad por medio de dispositivos tales como la CATS (cese anticipado para ciertos trabajadores asalariados) o la CAATA (cese anticipado de actividad para los trabajadores del Amianto), pero también por medio de la inactividad temporal (las indemnizaciones diarias de enfermedad) o permanente (pensiones de invalidez). En este contexto, parece interesente identifi car los factores determinantes de la participación, o no, en el mercado del trabajo tras los 50 años y el vínculo entre salud degradada y estatuto de actividad (empleo, inactividad y paro, en especial). Parece que la prevalencia de una limitación funcional en las actividades cotidianas, conduce a una exclusión mayor de las personas de más de 50 años en el mercado del trabajo. Una parte de las personas de edad entre 55 y 59 años, con incapacidad, se encuentran paradas y no buscan trabajo, es decir que están potencialmente dispensadas de buscar empleo. Esto validaría la hipótesis según la cual una parte de los dispensados de buscar empleo son personas cuyo estado de salud está alterado. [ger] Arbeitslosigkeit und Invalidität nach Vollendung des 50. Lebensjahr : zwei alternative Maßnahmen für das Ausscheiden kranker älterer Arbeitnehmer aus dem Erwerbsleben ? . . Frankreich weist eine vergleichsweise geringe Beschäftigungsquote der 55-bis 64-Jährigen – 38 % im Jahr 2007 laut Eurostat – aus, was hauptsächlich auf die für die Senioren ungünstige Beschäftigungslage und auf verschiedene Möglichkeiten für das vorzeitige Ausscheiden aus dem Berufsleben (Frühverrentung, Befreiung von der Arbeitsuche, Invalidenrente) zurückzuführen ist. Bei Menschen dieser Altersgruppe kann ein schlechter Gesundheitszustand ein Grund sein für das vorzeitige Ausscheiden aus dem Erwerbsleben über Maßnahmen wie „ vorzeitiges Ausscheiden bestimmter Arbeitnehmer“ oder „ vorzeitiges Ausscheiden von Asbest ausgesetzten Arbeitnehmern“, aber auch im Rahmen vorübergehender Erwerbslosigkeit (Krankentagegeld) oder ständiger Erwerbslosigkeit (Invalidenrente). In diesem Kontext ist es interessant, die Faktoren, die die Teilnahme am Arbeitsmarkt nach Erreichung des 50. Lebensjahrs beeinfl ussen, sowie die Beziehung zwischen schlechtem Gesundheitszustand und Erwerbsstatus (insbesondere beschäftigt, nicht erwerbstätig und arbeitslos) zu identifi zieren. Es zeigt sich, dass die Prävalenz einer funktionalen Beschränkung bei den täglichen Aktivitäten zu einem stärkeren Ausschluss der über 50-Jährigen aus dem Arbeitsmarkt führt. Ein Teil der erwerbsunfähigen 55-bis 59-Jährigen ist arbeitslos und sucht keine Beschäftigung, das heißt sie sind ggf. von der Arbeitsuche befreit. Dies würde die Hypothese untermauern, wonach es sich bei einem Teil der von der Arbeitsuche befreiten Personen um Arbeitnehmer mit schlechten Gesundheitszustand handelt. [eng] Unemployment and Invalidity after 50 : Two Alternative Routes for Senior Citizens in Poor Health to Leave the Labour Market ? . France is characterised by a relatively low employment rate among 55-64 year olds (38%, Eurostat, 2007), mainly as a result of an inhospitable labour market for senior citizens and various possibilities for prematurely leaving the workforce (early retirement, exemption from jobseeking, invalidity pensions). At these ages, poor health is a reason for leaving the labour market early within the framework of schemes such as Early Retirement for Certain Employees (CATS) or Early Retirement for Asbestos Workers (CAATA), but also by way of a temporary or permanent absence from the workforce (sick pay and invalidity pensions respectively). In this context, it is interesting to single out the controlling factors for participation in or absence from the labour market after 50 and the link between poor health and occupational status (employment, the non-working and unemployed in particular). It transpires that the prevalence of functional limitations in everyday activities leads to a more pronounced exclusion of the over-50s from the labour market. Some of those aged between 55 and 59 on disability benefi ts become unemployed and do not look for work, in other words they are potentially exempted from job-seeking. This would confi rm the hypothesis that some of those exempted from job-seeking are in poor health.

Suggested Citation

  • Thomas Barnay, 2008. "Chômage et invalidité après 50 ans : deux dispositifs alternatifs de sortie de l'emploi pour les seniors en mauvaise santé ?," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 411(1), pages 47-63.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2008_num_411_1_7049
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2008.7049
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2008.7049
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    1. Catherine Pollak, 2012. "Employed and Happy despite Weak Health? Labour Market Participation and Job Quality of Older Workers with Disabilities," Working Papers DT45, IRDES institut for research and information in health economics, revised Mar 2012.
    2. Thomas Barnay & Carine Franc & Florence Jusot, 2015. "Introduction : La santé et les soins : prise en charge, déterminants sociaux, conséquences professionnelles," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 475(1), pages 17-29.
    3. Thomas Barnay & Carine Franc & Florence Jusot, 2015. "Introduction générale. La santé et les soins : prise en charge, déterminants sociaux, conséquences professionnelles," Post-Print hal-02431053, HAL.
    4. Mareva Sabatier & Bérangère Legendre, 2017. "The puzzle of older workers’ employment: distance to retirement and health effects," International Journal of Manpower, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 38(1), pages 45-61, April.

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