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The effect of trade liberalization on marriage and fertility: evidence from Indian census

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  • Shruti Sengupta
  • Mehtabul Azam

Abstract

Using a district-level panel constructed from five waves of decennial Indian censuses covering 1971–2011, we examine the medium-term (1991–2001) and long-term (1991–2011) impacts of the 1991 Indian trade liberalization on marriage and fertility rates among young women aged 15–34. We exploit the fact that countrywide tariff reductions varied across industries creating exogenous local labor market shocks based on the initial employment composition of the district. We find heterogeneous results across urban and rural areas. We find that urban areas of the districts that experienced larger tariff cuts experienced relative increases in marriage rates compared to the districts that experienced smaller tariff cuts. Tariff cuts positively affect workforce participation among both young men and women in urban areas. However, there is no impact of tariff cuts on the marriage rate or workforce participation among young population (15–34) in rural areas. In contrast, tariff cuts reduced fertility rates mostly in rural areas.

Suggested Citation

  • Shruti Sengupta & Mehtabul Azam, 2025. "The effect of trade liberalization on marriage and fertility: evidence from Indian census," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 77(3), pages 653-674.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:oxecpp:v:77:y:2025:i:3:p:653-674.
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/oep/gpae043
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    JEL classification:

    • J12 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure
    • J13 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
    • O12 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

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