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Bank Funding Dynamics Between Retail Deposits and Wholesale Funds: Implications for Regulations

Author

Listed:
  • Yi Zheng

    (State University of New York at New Paltz: SUNY New Paltz)

  • S. Drew Peabody

    (Elon University)

Abstract

This paper identifies a contemporaneous substitutional relationship between retail deposits and wholesale funds, while the lagged relationship between the two is rather weak-a finding consistent with our “stable capitalization hypothesis.” We find that this substitution effect is much more pronounced for banks facing retail deposit inflows compared to those facing outflows, suggesting that influxes of deposits allow banks to cut wholesale funding more aggressively to maintain their capital structures. This substitution effect is also negatively associated with wholesale funding maturity and riskiness. Furthermore, we show that the substitutional relationship is weaker during funding shocks such as the 2007-2009 financial crisis and that the substitution itself does not help banks maintain their lending, which supports the argument for a lender of last resort. Finally, we demonstrate that liquidity regulation curbs this substitution, which overall helps banks improve financial stability.

Suggested Citation

  • Yi Zheng & S. Drew Peabody, 2025. "Bank Funding Dynamics Between Retail Deposits and Wholesale Funds: Implications for Regulations," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 68(1), pages 75-122, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:jfsres:v:68:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1007_s10693-024-00423-z
    DOI: 10.1007/s10693-024-00423-z
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    JEL classification:

    • E32 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - Business Fluctuations; Cycles
    • E44 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation

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