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Air Pollution Exposure and Covid-19 in Dutch Municipalities

Author

Listed:
  • Matthew A. Cole

    (University of Birmingham)

  • Ceren Ozgen

    (University of Birmingham
    IZA)

  • Eric Strobl

    (University of Birmingham
    University of Bern)

Abstract

In light of the existing preliminary evidence of a link between Covid-19 and poor air quality, which is largely based upon correlations, we estimate the relationship between long term air pollution exposure and Covid-19 in 355 municipalities in the Netherlands. Using detailed data we find compelling evidence of a positive relationship between air pollution, and particularly $$PM_{2.5}$$ P M 2.5 concentrations, and Covid-19 cases, hospital admissions and deaths. This relationship persists even after controlling for a wide range of explanatory variables. Our results indicate that, other things being equal, a municipality with 1 μg/m3 more $$PM_{2.5}$$ P M 2.5 concentrations will have 9.4 more Covid-19 cases, 3.0 more hospital admissions, and 2.3 more deaths. This relationship between Covid-19 and air pollution withstands a number of sensitivity and robustness exercises including instrumenting pollution to mitigate potential endogeneity in the measurement of pollution and modelling spatial spillovers using spatial econometric techniques.

Suggested Citation

  • Matthew A. Cole & Ceren Ozgen & Eric Strobl, 2020. "Air Pollution Exposure and Covid-19 in Dutch Municipalities," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 76(4), pages 581-610, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:enreec:v:76:y:2020:i:4:d:10.1007_s10640-020-00491-4
    DOI: 10.1007/s10640-020-00491-4
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Matthew A. Cole & Robert J R Elliott & Bowen Liu, 2020. "The Impact of the Wuhan Covid-19 Lockdown on Air Pollution and Health: A Machine Learning and Augmented Synthetic Control Approach," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 76(4), pages 553-580, August.
    2. Glaser, Stephanie, 2017. "A review of spatial econometric models for count data," Hohenheim Discussion Papers in Business, Economics and Social Sciences 19-2017, University of Hohenheim, Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences.
    3. Steve Cicala & Stephen P. Holland & Erin T. Mansur & Nicholas Z. Muller & Andrew J. Yates, 2020. "Expected Health Effects of Reduced Air Pollution from COVID-19 Social Distancing," NBER Working Papers 27135, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    4. Lewandowski, Piotr, 2020. "Occupational Exposure to Contagion and the Spread of COVID-19 in Europe," IZA Discussion Papers 13227, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    5. Jeffrey M. Wooldridge, 2015. "Control Function Methods in Applied Econometrics," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 50(2), pages 420-445.
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    Cited by:

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    3. Sun, Jianing & Zhou, Tao & Wang, Di, 2022. "Relationships between urban form and air quality: A reconsideration based on evidence from China’s five urban agglomerations during the COVID-19 pandemic," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    4. Macarena Valdés Salgado & Pamela Smith & Mariel A. Opazo & Nicolás Huneeus, 2021. "Long-Term Exposure to Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter and COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality Rate in Chile during 2020," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-12, July.
    5. C. Bambang Dwi Kuncoro & Cornelia Adristi & Moch Bilal Zaenal Asyikin, 2022. "Smart Wireless Particulate Matter Sensor Node for IoT-Based Strategic Monitoring Tool of Indoor COVID-19 Infection Risk via Airborne Transmission," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-23, November.
    6. Jorge A Bonilla & Alejandro Lopez-Feldman & Paula Pereda & Nathaly M. Rivera & J. Cristobal Ruiz-Tagle, 2021. "Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure and COVID-19 Mortality in Latin America," Working Papers, Department of Economics 2021_23, University of São Paulo (FEA-USP), revised 02 Feb 2023.
    7. Fang Fang & Lina Mu & Yifang Zhu & Jianyu Rao & Jody Heymann & Zuo-Feng Zhang, 2021. "Long-Term Exposure to PM 2.5 , Facemask Mandates, Stay Home Orders and COVID-19 Incidence in the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-12, June.
    8. Noi, Evgeny & Murray, Alan T., 2022. "Interpolation biases in assessing spatial heterogeneity of outdoor air quality in Moscow, Russia," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
    9. Armando Cartenì & Furio Cascetta & Luigi Di Francesco & Felisia Palermo, 2021. "Particulate Matter Short-Term Exposition, Mobility Trips and COVID-19 Diffusion: A Correlation Analyses for the Italian Case Study at Urban Scale," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-17, April.
    10. Brandon Michael Taylor & Michael Ash & Lawrence Peter King, 2022. "Initially High Correlation between Air Pollution and COVID-19 Mortality Declined to Zero as the Pandemic Progressed: There Is No Evidence for a Causal Link between Air Pollution and COVID-19 Vulnerabi," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-9, August.
    11. Lisa Bauleo & Simone Giannini & Andrea Ranzi & Federica Nobile & Massimo Stafoggia & Carla Ancona & Ivano Iavarone & the EpiCovAir Study Group, 2022. "A Methodological Approach to Use Contextual Factors for Epidemiological Studies on Chronic Exposure to Air Pollution and COVID-19 in Italy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-14, March.
    12. Cappelli, Federica & Guastella, Gianni & Pareglio, Stefano, 2021. "Urban Sprawl and Air Quality in European Cities: an Empirical Assessment," FEEM Working Papers 309920, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM).
    13. Aubert, Cécile & Dang, Hai-Anh & Nguyen, Manh-Hung, 2022. "The Unequal Impact of the COVID Pandemic: Theory and Evidence on Health and Economic Outcomes for Different Income Groups," IZA Discussion Papers 15396, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Covid-19; Air pollution; Netherlands; Spatial spillovers;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I21 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Analysis of Education
    • I23 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Higher Education; Research Institutions
    • Q53 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling

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