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Long-Term Exposure to Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter and COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality Rate in Chile during 2020

Author

Listed:
  • Macarena Valdés Salgado

    (Center for Climate and Resilience Research CR2, FONDAP N°15110009, Santiago 8370449, Chile
    Programa de Epidemiología, Escuela de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
    Red de la Pobreza Energética—RedPE, Santiago 8320000, Chile)

  • Pamela Smith

    (Center for Climate and Resilience Research CR2, FONDAP N°15110009, Santiago 8370449, Chile
    Red de la Pobreza Energética—RedPE, Santiago 8320000, Chile
    Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8331051, Chile
    Project FONDECYT-INITIATION N°11180990 Social Construction of the Urban Climate: towards Quality and Climate Justice in Chilean Cities, Santiago 8320000, Chile)

  • Mariel A. Opazo

    (Center for Climate and Resilience Research CR2, FONDAP N°15110009, Santiago 8370449, Chile)

  • Nicolás Huneeus

    (Center for Climate and Resilience Research CR2, FONDAP N°15110009, Santiago 8370449, Chile
    Red de la Pobreza Energética—RedPE, Santiago 8320000, Chile
    Chile Departamento de Geofísica, Facultad de Cs Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370449, Chile)

Abstract

Background: Several countries have documented the relationship between long-term exposure to air pollutants and epidemiological indicators of the COVID-19 pandemic, such as incidence and mortality. This study aims to explore the association between air pollutants, such as PM 2.5 and PM 10 , and the incidence and mortality rates of COVID-19 during 2020. Methods: The incidence and mortality rates were estimated using the COVID-19 cases and deaths from the Chilean Ministry of Science, and the population size was obtained from the Chilean Institute of Statistics. A chemistry transport model was used to estimate the annual mean surface concentration of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in a period before the current pandemic. Negative binomial regressions were used to associate the epidemiological information with pollutant concentrations while considering demographic and social confounders. Results: For each microgram per cubic meter, the incidence rate increased by 1.3% regarding PM 2.5 and 0.9% regarding PM 10 . There was no statistically significant relationship between the COVID-19 mortality rate and PM 2.5 or PM 10 . Conclusions: The adjusted regression models showed that the COVID-19 incidence rate was significantly associated with chronic exposure to PM 2.5 and PM 10 , even after adjusting for other variables.

Suggested Citation

  • Macarena Valdés Salgado & Pamela Smith & Mariel A. Opazo & Nicolás Huneeus, 2021. "Long-Term Exposure to Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter and COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality Rate in Chile during 2020," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-12, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:14:p:7409-:d:592337
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Eric S. Coker & Laura Cavalli & Enrico Fabrizi & Gianni Guastella & Enrico Lippo & Maria Laura Parisi & Nicola Pontarollo & Massimiliano Rizzati & Alessandro Varacca & Sergio Vergalli, 2020. "The Effects of Air Pollution on COVID-19 Related Mortality in Northern Italy," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 76(4), pages 611-634, August.
    2. Matthew A. Cole & Ceren Ozgen & Eric Strobl, 2020. "Air Pollution Exposure and Covid-19 in Dutch Municipalities," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 76(4), pages 581-610, August.
    3. World Bank, "undated". "World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update, April 2020," World Bank Publications - Reports 33477, The World Bank Group.
    4. Matthew A Cole & Ceren Ozgen & Eric Strobl, 2020. "Air Pollution Exposure and Covid-19," Discussion Papers 20-13, Department of Economics, University of Birmingham.
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