IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v7y2015i7p9587-9607d52747.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Dependence of Parking Pricing on Land Use and Time of Day

Author

Listed:
  • Fang Zong

    (College of Transportation, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China)

  • Yanan He

    (College of Transportation, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China)

  • Yixin Yuan

    (College of Transportation, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China)

Abstract

A key strategy of sustainable transportation, parking pricing can directly contribute to decreased greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. This paper describes an optimal structure of parking rates in terms of parking locations and time of day. A two-level parking model based on game theory is established using parking survey data collected in Beijing in 2014. The model was estimated based on Stackelberg game and the Nash equilibrium. Using the two-level parking model, the optimal structure of parking rates for inside/outside business zones and during peak/off-peak hours was calculated. In addition, the relationship between the government (which represents the public benefit) and car users, as well as the relationships among car users in the parking system were investigated. The results indicate that equilibrium among all of the agents in the parking system can be obtained using the proposed parking rate structure. The findings provide a better understanding of parking behavior, and the two-level parking model presented in the paper can be used to determine the optimal parking rate to balance the temporal and spatial distribution of parking demand in urban areas. This research helps reduce car use and the parking-related cruising time and thus contributes to the reduction of carbon emissions and air pollution.

Suggested Citation

  • Fang Zong & Yanan He & Yixin Yuan, 2015. "Dependence of Parking Pricing on Land Use and Time of Day," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(7), pages 1-21, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:7:y:2015:i:7:p:9587-9607:d:52747
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/7/7/9587/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/7/7/9587/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Shoup, Donald C., 2006. "Cruising for parking," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 13(6), pages 479-486, November.
    2. Shoup, Donald C., 1997. "Evaluating the effects of cashing out employer-paid parking: Eight case studies," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 4(4), pages 201-216, October.
    3. Levinson, David, 2005. "Micro-foundations of congestion and pricing: A game theory perspective," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 39(7-9), pages 691-704.
    4. repec:cdl:uctcwp:qt2qw4w2s1 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Anderson, Simon P. & de Palma, Andre, 2004. "The economics of pricing parking," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 55(1), pages 1-20, January.
    6. Devarasetty, Prem Chand & Burris, Mark & Douglass Shaw, W., 2012. "The value of travel time and reliability-evidence from a stated preference survey and actual usage," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 46(8), pages 1227-1240.
    7. Ottosson, Dadi Baldur & Chen, Cynthia & Wang, Tingting & Lin, Haiyun, 2013. "The sensitivity of on-street parking demand in response to price changes: A case study in Seattle, WA," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 222-232.
    8. Hensher, David A. & King, Jenny, 2001. "Parking demand and responsiveness to supply, pricing and location in the Sydney central business district," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 177-196, March.
    9. Fang Zong & Menglin Wang, 2015. "Understanding parking decisions with a Bayesian network," Transportation Planning and Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(6), pages 585-600, August.
    10. Martin J. Osborne & Ariel Rubinstein, 1994. "A Course in Game Theory," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262650401, December.
    11. Putnam, Robert D., 1988. "Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 42(3), pages 427-460, July.
    12. Arnott, Richard & de Palma, Andre & Lindsey, Robin, 1991. "A temporal and spatial equilibrium analysis of commuter parking," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(3), pages 301-335, August.
    13. Tsai, Jyh-Fa & Chu, Chih-Peng, 2006. "Economic analysis of collecting parking fees by a private firm," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 40(8), pages 690-697, October.
    14. Andrew Kelly, J. & Peter Clinch, J., 2006. "Influence of varied parking tariffs on parking occupancy levels by trip purpose," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 13(6), pages 487-495, November.
    15. Verhoef, Erik & Nijkamp, Peter & Rietveld, Piet, 1995. "The economics of regulatory parking policies: The (IM)possibilities of parking policies in traffic regulation," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 29(2), pages 141-156, March.
    16. repec:cdl:uctcwp:qt55s7079f is not listed on IDEAS
    17. repec:cdl:uctcwp:qt5nc6w2dj is not listed on IDEAS
    18. Zhang, Xiaoning & Huang, Hai-Jun & Zhang, H.M., 2008. "Integrated daily commuting patterns and optimal road tolls and parking fees in a linear city," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 38-56, January.
    19. Proost, Stef & Sen, Ahksaya, 2006. "Urban transport pricing reform with two levels of government: A case study of Brussels," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 13(2), pages 127-139, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Semeneh Hunachew Bayih & Surafel Luleseged Tilahun, 2024. "Dynamic vehicle parking pricing. A review," Operations Research and Decisions, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management, vol. 34(1), pages 35-59.
    2. Sowmya Karri & Meera M. Dhabu, 2022. "Multistage Game Model Based Dynamic Pricing for Car Parking Slot to Control Congestion," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-15, September.
    3. Mariano Gallo & Mario Marinelli, 2020. "Sustainable Mobility: A Review of Possible Actions and Policies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-39, September.
    4. Gössling, Stefan & Humpe, Andreas & Hologa, Rafael & Riach, Nils & Freytag, Tim, 2022. "Parking violations as an economic gamble for public space," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 248-257.
    5. Mostafa Pazoki & Hamed Samarghandi & Mehdi Behroozi, 2023. "Increasing Supply Chain Resiliency Through Equilibrium Pricing and Stipulating Transportation Quota Regulation," Papers 2308.00681, arXiv.org, revised Oct 2023.
    6. Lehua Bi & Shaorui Zhou & Jianjie Ke & Xiaoming Song, 2023. "Knowledge-Mapping Analysis of Urban Sustainable Transportation Using CiteSpace," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-29, January.
    7. Semeneh Hunachew Bayih & Surafel Luleseged Tilahun, 2025. "Dynamic vehicle parking pricing: a bilevel optimization approach," Operational Research, Springer, vol. 25(1), pages 1-25, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Inci, Eren, 2015. "A review of the economics of parking," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 50-63.
    2. Lehner, Stephan & Peer, Stefanie, 2019. "The price elasticity of parking: A meta-analysis," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 177-191.
    3. Lu, Xiao-Shan & Guo, Ren-Yong & Huang, Hai-Jun & Xu, Xiaoming & Chen, Jiajia, 2021. "Equilibrium analysis of parking for integrated daily commuting," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    4. Lu, Xiao-Shan & Huang, Hai-Jun & Guo, Ren-Yong & Xiong, Fen, 2021. "Linear location-dependent parking fees and integrated daily commuting patterns with late arrival and early departure in a linear city," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 293-322.
    5. Tscharaktschiew, Stefan & Reimann, Felix, 2021. "On employer-paid parking and parking (cash-out) policy: A formal synthesis of different perspectives," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 499-516.
    6. Ottosson, Dadi Baldur & Chen, Cynthia & Wang, Tingting & Lin, Haiyun, 2013. "The sensitivity of on-street parking demand in response to price changes: A case study in Seattle, WA," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 222-232.
    7. Wang, Pengfei & Guan, Hongzhi & Liu, Peng, 2020. "Modeling and solving the optimal allocation-pricing of public parking resources problem in urban-scale network," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 74-98.
    8. Semeneh Hunachew Bayih & Surafel Luleseged Tilahun, 2024. "Dynamic vehicle parking pricing. A review," Operations Research and Decisions, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management, vol. 34(1), pages 35-59.
    9. Gu, Ziyuan & Safarighouzhdi, Farshid & Saberi, Meead & Rashidi, Taha H., 2021. "A macro-micro approach to modeling parking," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 220-244.
    10. Kobus, Martijn B.W. & Gutiérrez-i-Puigarnau, Eva & Rietveld, Piet & Van Ommeren, Jos N., 2013. "The on-street parking premium and car drivers' choice between street and garage parking," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(2), pages 395-403.
    11. Chaniotakis, Emmanouil & Pel, Adam J., 2015. "Drivers’ parking location choice under uncertain parking availability and search times: A stated preference experiment," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 228-239.
    12. Ling-Ling Xiao & Tian-Liang Liu & Hai-Jun Huang, 2021. "Tradable permit schemes for managing morning commute with carpool under parking space constraint," Transportation, Springer, vol. 48(4), pages 1563-1586, August.
    13. Button, Kenneth, 2006. "The political economy of parking charges in "first" and "second-best" worlds," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 13(6), pages 470-478, November.
    14. van Ommeren, Jos & Wentink, Derk & Dekkers, Jasper, 2011. "The real price of parking policy," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(1), pages 25-31, July.
    15. Caicedo, Felix & Diaz, Alejandra, 2013. "Case analysis of simultaneous concessions of parking meters and underground parking facilities," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 358-378.
    16. Geva, Sharon & Fulman, Nir & Ben-Elia, Eran, 2022. "Getting the prices right: Drivers' cruising choices in a serious parking game," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 54-75.
    17. Wei Wu & Wei Liu & Fangni Zhang & Vinayak Dixit, 2021. "A New Flexible Parking Reservation Scheme for the Morning Commute under Limited Parking Supplies," Networks and Spatial Economics, Springer, vol. 21(3), pages 513-545, September.
    18. Gu, Ziyuan & Li, Yifan & Saberi, Meead & Rashidi, Taha H. & Liu, Zhiyuan, 2023. "Macroscopic parking dynamics and equitable pricing: Integrating trip-based modeling with simulation-based robust optimization," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 354-381.
    19. Liu, Wei & Geroliminis, Nikolas, 2016. "Modeling the morning commute for urban networks with cruising-for-parking: An MFD approach," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 93(PA), pages 470-494.
    20. van Ommeren, Jos & de Groote, Jesper & Mingardo, Giuliano, 2014. "Residential parking permits and parking supply," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 33-44.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:7:y:2015:i:7:p:9587-9607:d:52747. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.