IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i9p4605-d543999.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Carbon Emissions in the SAARC Countries with Causal Effects of FDI, Economic Growth and Other Economic Factors: Evidence from Dynamic Simultaneous Equation Models

Author

Listed:
  • Rashid Latief

    (School of Finance and Economics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China)

  • Yusheng Kong

    (School of Finance and Economics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China)

  • Sohail Ahmad Javeed

    (College of Finance, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China)

  • Usman Sattar

    (College of Law and Political Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China)

Abstract

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries like other developing countries are the major destination for foreign investors. At the same time, these countries are facing different climate change challenges. This study aims to inspect the economic determinants of carbon emissions (CE) and dynamic causal interaction of CE with foreign direct investment (FDI), economic growth (EG), and other economic factors using panel cointegration test, dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) and vector error correction model (VECM) for the SAARC countries. To make the homogenous analysis, we examined the association among variables for the individual country and as a group for the period 1990 to 2016. The panel results of this study confirmed the presence of the unidirectional causal association of EG with CE. The panel results of other economic factors confirmed the causality of urban population (UP) and energy consumption (EC) with CE. Moreover, the panel results of domestic capital (DS) and inflation rate (INF) confirmed the causal association with EG. Finally, the panel results of DS revealed a causality with FDI. Based on the above results, some policy guidelines are proposed.

Suggested Citation

  • Rashid Latief & Yusheng Kong & Sohail Ahmad Javeed & Usman Sattar, 2021. "Carbon Emissions in the SAARC Countries with Causal Effects of FDI, Economic Growth and Other Economic Factors: Evidence from Dynamic Simultaneous Equation Models," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-22, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:9:p:4605-:d:543999
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/9/4605/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/9/4605/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Rehman, Mobeen Ur & Rashid, Mushab, 2017. "Energy consumption to environmental degradation, the growth appetite in SAARC nations," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 284-294.
    2. Chandran Govindaraju, V.G.R. & Tang, Chor Foon, 2013. "The dynamic links between CO2 emissions, economic growth and coal consumption in China and India," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 310-318.
    3. Sweety Pandey & Mrutyunjaya Mishra, 2015. "CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth of SAARC Countries: Evidence from a Panel VAR Analysis," World Journal of Applied Economics, WERI-World Economic Research Institute, vol. 1(2), pages 23-33, December.
    4. Grossman, G.M & Krueger, A.B., 1991. "Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement," Papers 158, Princeton, Woodrow Wilson School - Public and International Affairs.
    5. Mohd Shahidan Shaari & Nor Ermawati Hussain & Hussin Abdullah & Syahida Kamil, 2014. "Relationship among Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and CO2 Emission: A Panel Data Analysis," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 4(4), pages 706-715.
    6. Iamsiraroj, Sasi & Ulubaşoğlu, Mehmet Ali, 2015. "Foreign direct investment and economic growth: A real relationship or wishful thinking?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 200-213.
    7. Hakimi, Abdelaziz & Hamdi, Helmi, 2016. "Trade liberalization, FDI inflows, environmental quality and economic growth: A comparative analysis between Tunisia and Morocco," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1445-1456.
    8. repec:dau:papers:123456789/11438 is not listed on IDEAS
    9. Robert McNown & Chung Yan Sam & Soo Khoon Goh, 2018. "Bootstrapping the autoregressive distributed lag test for cointegration," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(13), pages 1509-1521, March.
    10. Masih, Rumi & Masih, Abul M. M., 1996. "Stock-Watson dynamic OLS (DOLS) and error-correction modelling approaches to estimating long- and short-run elasticities in a demand function: new evidence and methodological implications from an appl," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(4), pages 315-334, October.
    11. Rashid Latief & Lin Lefen, 2019. "Foreign Direct Investment in the Power and Energy Sector, Energy Consumption, and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-21, January.
    12. Lotfalipour, Mohammad Reza & Falahi, Mohammad Ali & Ashena, Malihe, 2010. "Economic growth, CO2 emissions, and fossil fuels consumption in Iran," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(12), pages 5115-5120.
    13. Omri, Anis & Nguyen, Duc Khuong & Rault, Christophe, 2014. "Causal interactions between CO2 emissions, FDI, and economic growth: Evidence from dynamic simultaneous-equation models," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 382-389.
    14. repec:ipg:wpaper:2014-542 is not listed on IDEAS
    15. Hanif, Imran & Faraz Raza, Syed Muhammad & Gago-de-Santos, Pilar & Abbas, Qaiser, 2019. "Fossil fuels, foreign direct investment, and economic growth have triggered CO2 emissions in emerging Asian economies: Some empirical evidence," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 493-501.
    16. Arouri, Mohamed El Hedi & Ben Youssef, Adel & M'henni, Hatem & Rault, Christophe, 2012. "Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions in Middle East and North African countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 342-349.
    17. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Nasir, Muhammad Ali & Roubaud, David, 2018. "Environmental degradation in France: The effects of FDI, financial development, and energy innovations," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 843-857.
    18. Ghosh, Sajal, 2010. "Examining carbon emissions economic growth nexus for India: A multivariate cointegration approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(6), pages 3008-3014, June.
    19. Doytch, Nadia & Uctum, Merih, 2016. "Globalization and the environmental impact of sectoral FDI," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 40(4), pages 582-594.
    20. Pao, Hsiao-Tien & Tsai, Chung-Ming, 2010. "CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in BRIC countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(12), pages 7850-7860, December.
    21. Stern, David I., 2004. "The Rise and Fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 32(8), pages 1419-1439, August.
    22. Jaunky, Vishal Chandr, 2011. "The CO2 emissions-income nexus: Evidence from rich countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 1228-1240, March.
    23. Belke, Ansgar & Dobnik, Frauke & Dreger, Christian, 2011. "Energy consumption and economic growth: New insights into the cointegration relationship," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 782-789, September.
    24. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel & Sinha, Avik, 2019. "Foreign Direct Investment–CO2 Emissions Nexus in Middle East and North African countries: Importance of Biomass Energy Consumption," MPRA Paper 91729, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 19 Jan 2019.
    25. Baniya, Bishal & Giurco, Damien & Kelly, Scott, 2021. "Green growth in Nepal and Bangladesh: Empirical analysis and future prospects," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    26. Abdouli, Mohamed & Hammami, Sami, 2017. "Investigating the causality links between environmental quality, foreign direct investment and economic growth in MENA countries," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 264-278.
    27. Kahouli, Bassem & Omri, Anis, 2017. "Foreign direct investment, foreign trade and environment: New evidence from simultaneous-equation system of gravity models," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 353-364.
    28. Wang, Shaojian & Wang, Jieyu & Zhou, Yuquan, 2018. "Estimating the effects of socioeconomic structure on CO2 emissions in China using an econometric analysis framework," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 18-27.
    29. Ren, Shenggang & Yuan, Baolong & Ma, Xie & Chen, Xiaohong, 2014. "International trade, FDI (foreign direct investment) and embodied CO2 emissions: A case study of Chinas industrial sectors," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 123-134.
    30. Lee, Jung Wan, 2013. "The contribution of foreign direct investment to clean energy use, carbon emissions and economic growth," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 483-489.
    31. Anwar, Sajid & Sun, Sizhong, 2011. "Financial development, foreign investment and economic growth in Malaysia," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(4), pages 335-342, August.
    32. Baek, Jungho, 2016. "A new look at the FDI–income–energy–environment nexus: Dynamic panel data analysis of ASEAN," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 22-27.
    33. Rashid Latief & Lin Lefen, 2018. "The Effect of Exchange Rate Volatility on International Trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Developing Countries along “One Belt and One Road”," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 6(4), pages 1-22, October.
    34. Mete Feridun & Yaya Sissoko, 2011. "Impact of FDI on Economic Development: A Causality Analysis for Singapore, 1976 – 2002," International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences Applied Research (IJBESAR), International Hellenic University (IHU), Kavala Campus, Greece (formerly Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology - EMaTTech), vol. 4(1), pages 7-17, March.
    35. Kivyiro, Pendo & Arminen, Heli, 2014. "Carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, and foreign direct investment: Causality analysis for Sub-Saharan Africa," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 595-606.
    36. Jalil, Abdul & Mahmud, Syed F., 2009. "Environment Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: A cointegration analysis for China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(12), pages 5167-5172, December.
    37. Saboori, Behnaz & Sulaiman, Jamalludin & Mohd, Saidatulakmal, 2012. "Economic growth and CO2 emissions in Malaysia: A cointegration analysis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 184-191.
    38. Ouedraogo, Nadia S., 2013. "Energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from the economic community of West African States (ECOWAS)," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 637-647.
    39. Pao, Hsiao-Tien & Tsai, Chung-Ming, 2011. "Multivariate Granger causality between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, FDI (foreign direct investment) and GDP (gross domestic product): Evidence from a panel of BRIC (Brazil, Russian Federation, I," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 685-693.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Gen Li & Shihong Zeng & Tengfei Li & Qiao Peng & Muhammad Irfan, 2023. "Analysing the Effect of Energy Intensity on Carbon Emission Reduction in Beijing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-19, January.
    2. Jie Chang & Pingjun Sun & Guoen Wei, 2022. "Spatial Driven Effects of Multi-Dimensional Urbanization on Carbon Emissions: A Case Study in Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-19, October.
    3. Ashim Kumar Kar, 2023. "Pollution and income: Looking into the environmental Kuznets curve in south Asian countries," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 43(4), pages 1680-1697.
    4. Liton Chandra Voumik & Mohammad Iqbal Hossain & Md. Hasanur Rahman & Raziya Sultana & Rahi Dey & Miguel Angel Esquivias, 2023. "Impact of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy on EKC in SAARC Countries: Augmented Mean Group Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-19, March.
    5. Lianyan Fu & Luyang Zhang & Zihan Zhang, 2023. "The Impact of Information Infrastructure Construction on Carbon Emissions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-18, May.
    6. Emmanuel Uche & Philip Chimobi Omoke & Charles Silva‐Opuala & Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh Al‐Faryan, 2024. "Re‐estimating the pollution haven–halo hypotheses for Brazil via a machine learning procedure," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 36(2), pages 1274-1292, March.
    7. Usman Mehmood & Salman Tariq & Zia ul Haq & Ephraim Bonah Agyekum & Solomon Eghosa Uhunamure & Karabo Shale & Hasan Nawaz & Shafqat Ali & Ammar Hameed, 2022. "Financial Institutional and Market Deepening, and Environmental Quality Nexus: A Case Study in G-11 Economies Using CS-ARDL," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-19, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Mohamed Abdouli & Sami Hammami, 2018. "The Dynamic Links Between Environmental Quality, Foreign Direct Investment, and Economic Growth in the Middle Eastern and North African Countries (MENA Region)," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 9(3), pages 833-853, September.
    2. Mohamed Abdouli & Sami Hammami, 2020. "Economic Growth, Environment, FDI Inflows, and Financial Development in Middle East Countries: Fresh Evidence from Simultaneous Equation Models," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 11(2), pages 479-511, June.
    3. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Nasir, Muhammad Ali & Roubaud, David, 2018. "Environmental degradation in France: The effects of FDI, financial development, and energy innovations," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 843-857.
    4. Tiba, Sofien & Omri, Anis, 2017. "Literature survey on the relationships between energy, environment and economic growth," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 1129-1146.
    5. Sofien, Tiba & Omri, Anis, 2016. "Literature survey on the relationships between energy variables, environment and economic growth," MPRA Paper 82555, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 14 Sep 2016.
    6. Abdouli, Mohamed & Hammami, Sami, 2017. "Investigating the causality links between environmental quality, foreign direct investment and economic growth in MENA countries," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 264-278.
    7. Le Hoang Phong, 2019. "Globalization, Financial Development, and Environmental Degradation in the Presence of Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from ASEAN-5 Countries," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(2), pages 40-50.
    8. Muhammad Shahbaz & Avik Sinha, 2019. "Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2emissions: a literature survey," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 46(1), pages 106-168, January.
    9. Ben Youssef, Adel & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Omri, Anis, 2016. "Simultaneity modeling analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 266-274.
    10. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Sinha, Avik, 2019. "Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 emission: A survey of empirical literature," MPRA Paper 100257, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2019.
    11. Sofien Tiba & Mohamed Frikha, 2020. "EKC and Macroeconomics Aspects of Well-being: a Critical Vision for a Sustainable Future," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 11(3), pages 1171-1197, September.
    12. Seker, Fahri & Ertugrul, Hasan Murat & Cetin, Murat, 2015. "The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Turkey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 347-356.
    13. Omri, Anis & Daly, Saida & Rault, Christophe & Chaibi, Anissa, 2015. "Financial development, environmental quality, trade and economic growth: What causes what in MENA countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 242-252.
    14. Salahuddin, Mohammad & Gow, Jeff, 2014. "Economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Gulf Cooperation Council countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 44-58.
    15. Lamia Jamel & Samir Maktouf, 2017. "The nexus between economic growth, financial development, trade openness, and CO2 emissions in European countries," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(1), pages 1341456-134, January.
    16. Vishal Dagar & Farhan Ahmed & Farah Waheed & Štefan Bojnec & Muhammad Kamran Khan & Sana Shaikh, 2022. "Testing the Pollution Haven Hypothesis with the Role of Foreign Direct Investments and Total Energy Consumption," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-23, May.
    17. Aida Sy & Tony Tinker & Abdelkader Derbali & Lamia Jamel, 2016. "Economic growth, financial development, trade openness, and CO 2 emissions in European countries," African Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 5(2), pages 155-179.
    18. Demena, Binyam Afewerk & Afesorgbor, Sylvanus Kwaku, 2020. "The effect of FDI on environmental emissions: Evidence from a meta-analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    19. Daniel Balsalobre‐Lorente & Oana M. Driha & George Halkos & Shekhar Mishra, 2022. "Influence of growth and urbanization on CO2 emissions: The moderating effect of foreign direct investment on energy use in BRICS," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 30(1), pages 227-240, February.
    20. Saida Daly & Mohamed Abdouli, 2023. "The Nexus between Environmental Quality, Economic Growth, and Trade Openness in Saudi Arabia (1990-2017)," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(4), pages 579-598, July.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:9:p:4605-:d:543999. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.