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Optimal Charging Schedule Planning and Economic Analysis for Electric Bus Charging Stations

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  • Rong-Ceng Leou

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan)

  • Jeng-Jiun Hung

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan)

Abstract

The battery capacity of electric buses (EB) used for public transportation is greater than that of electric cars, and the charging power is also several times greater than that used in electric cars; this can result in high energy consumption and negatively impact power distribution networks. This paper proposes a framework to determine the optimal contracted power capacity and charging schedule of an EB charging station in such a way that energy costs can be reduced. A mathematical model of controlled charging, which includes the capacity and energy charges of the station, was developed to minimize costs. The constraints of the model include the charging characteristics of an EB and the operational guidelines of the bus company. A practical EB charging station was used to verify the proposed model. The financial viability of this EB charging station is also studied in this paper. The economic analysis model for this charging station considers investment and operational costs, and the operational revenue. Sensitivity analyses with respect to some key parameters are also performed in this paper. Based on actual operational routes and EB charging schemes, test results indicate that the EB charging station investment is feasible, and the planning model proposed can be used to determine optimal station power capacity and minimize energy costs.

Suggested Citation

  • Rong-Ceng Leou & Jeng-Jiun Hung, 2017. "Optimal Charging Schedule Planning and Economic Analysis for Electric Bus Charging Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-17, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:10:y:2017:i:4:p:483-:d:94968
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Boud Verbrugge & Abdul Mannan Rauf & Haaris Rasool & Mohamed Abdel-Monem & Thomas Geury & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2022. "Real-Time Charging Scheduling and Optimization of Electric Buses in a Depot," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-18, July.
    2. Orhan Topal & İsmail Nakir, 2018. "Total Cost of Ownership Based Economic Analysis of Diesel, CNG and Electric Bus Concepts for the Public Transport in Istanbul City," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-17, September.
    3. John P. Barton & Murray Thomson, 2021. "Solar Power and Energy Storage for Decarbonization of Land Transport in India," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-24, December.
    4. Perumal, Shyam S.G. & Lusby, Richard M. & Larsen, Jesper, 2022. "Electric bus planning & scheduling: A review of related problems and methodologies," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 301(2), pages 395-413.
    5. Phiraphat Antarasee & Suttichai Premrudeepreechacharn & Apirat Siritaratiwat & Sirote Khunkitti, 2022. "Optimal Design of Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Station’s Structure Using Metaheuristic Algorithms," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-22, December.
    6. Boud Verbrugge & Mohammed Mahedi Hasan & Haaris Rasool & Thomas Geury & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2021. "Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-23, November.
    7. Syed Muhammad Arif & Tek Tjing Lie & Boon Chong Seet & Syed Muhammad Ahsan & Hassan Abbas Khan, 2020. "Plug-In Electric Bus Depot Charging with PV and ESS and Their Impact on LV Feeder," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-16, April.
    8. Zhang, Zhaosheng & Wang, Ruiyang & Liu, Peng & Wang, Zhenpo & Lin, Ni & Liang, Yiqiang & Tang, Chaoyang & Xia, Ling, 2025. "Research on energy consumption law and charging strategies design of electric buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    9. Jean-Michel Clairand & Paulo Guerra-Terán & Xavier Serrano-Guerrero & Mario González-Rodríguez & Guillermo Escrivá-Escrivá, 2019. "Electric Vehicles for Public Transportation in Power Systems: A Review of Methodologies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-22, August.
    10. Adnane Houbbadi & Rochdi Trigui & Serge Pelissier & Eduardo Redondo-Iglesias & Tanguy Bouton, 2019. "Optimal Scheduling to Manage an Electric Bus Fleet Overnight Charging," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-17, July.
    11. Andrzej Łebkowski, 2019. "Studies of Energy Consumption by a City Bus Powered by a Hybrid Energy Storage System in Variable Road Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-39, March.
    12. Patcharida Kunawong & Warisa Nakkiew & Parida Jewpanya & Wasawat Nakkiew, 2025. "Optimizing Electric Bus Charging Infrastructure: A Bi-Level Mathematical Model for Strategic Station Location and Off-Board Charger Allocation in Transportation Network," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-28, February.
    13. Yian Yan & Huang Wang & Jiuchun Jiang & Weige Zhang & Yan Bao & Mei Huang, 2019. "Research on Configuration Methods of Battery Energy Storage System for Pure Electric Bus Fast Charging Station," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-17, February.
    14. Zeng, Ziling & Wang, Shuaian & Qu, Xiaobo, 2022. "On the role of battery degradation in en-route charge scheduling for an electric bus system," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    15. Bie, Yiming & Zhou, Haolin & Yang, Menglin, 2025. "Resource configuration and daily operational scheduling for urban electric bus route under the hybrid power supply strategy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    16. Jean-Michel Clairand & Javier Rodríguez-García & Carlos Álvarez-Bel, 2018. "Electric Vehicle Charging Strategy for Isolated Systems with High Penetration of Renewable Generation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-21, November.
    17. Klaus Kivekäs & Antti Lajunen & Jari Vepsäläinen & Kari Tammi, 2018. "City Bus Powertrain Comparison: Driving Cycle Variation and Passenger Load Sensitivity Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-26, July.
    18. Kayhan Alamatsaz & Sadam Hussain & Chunyan Lai & Ursula Eicker, 2022. "Electric Bus Scheduling and Timetabling, Fast Charging Infrastructure Planning, and Their Impact on the Grid: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-39, October.
    19. Krzysztof KRAWIEC, 2021. "Vehicle Cycle Hierarchization Model To Determine The Order Of Battery Electric Bus Deployment In Public Transport," Transport Problems, Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Transport, vol. 16(1), pages 99-112, March.
    20. Brinkel, Nico & Zijlstra, Marle & van Bezu, Ronald & van Twuijver, Tim & Lampropoulos, Ioannis & van Sark, Wilfried, 2023. "A comparative analysis of charging strategies for battery electric buses in wholesale electricity and ancillary services markets," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    21. Cuiyu Kong & Raka Jovanovic & Islam Safak Bayram & Michael Devetsikiotis, 2017. "A Hierarchical Optimization Model for a Network of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-20, May.

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