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Measuring Trends in Work from Home: Evidence from Six U.S. Datasets

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Abstract

This article documents the prevalence of work from home (WFH) using six nationally representative U.S. surveys. These surveys measure WFH using different questions, reference periods, samples, and survey collection methods. After constructing comparable samples and WFH measures across surveys, we find that the surveys show broadly similar trends in the trajectory of aggregate WFH since the COVID-19 outbreak. The most important source of disagreement in WFH levels across surveys is in WFH by self-employed workers; by contrast, WFH rates for employees are closely aligned across surveys. All surveys show that, in 2024, WFH remains substantially above pre-pandemic levels. We also highlight that while full-time WFH drove most of the increase in aggregate WFH during and after the pandemic, part-time WFH has become a more significant contributor since 2022. Finally, we validate the findings from the survey data by comparing self-reported commuting behavior to cell phone geolocation data from GoogleWorkplace Visits.

Suggested Citation

  • Alexander Bick & Adam Blandin & Aidan Caplan & Tristan Caplan, 2025. "Measuring Trends in Work from Home: Evidence from Six U.S. Datasets," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, vol. 107(15), pages 1-23, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedlrv:101876
    DOI: 10.20955/r.2025.15
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    JEL classification:

    • I18 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
    • J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • L23 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Organization of Production

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