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Heterogeneity in Work from Home: Evidence from Six U.S. Datasets

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Abstract

This article documents heterogeneity in work from home (WFH) using six nationally representative U.S. surveys. These surveys show consistent patterns indicating that pre-pandemic differences in WFH rates by sex, education, and state of residence expanded following the COVID-19 outbreak. The surveys also show similar post-pandemic trends in WFH by firm size and industry. We find that an industry’s WFH potential was highly correlated with actual WFH during the first year or two of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this correlation was much weaker before and after, suggesting that WFH potential is a necessary but not sufficient determinant of actual WFH.

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  • Alexander Bick & Adam Blandin & Aidan Caplan & Tristan Caplan, 2025. "Heterogeneity in Work from Home: Evidence from Six U.S. Datasets," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, vol. 107(14), pages 1-23, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedlrv:101875
    DOI: 10.20955/r.2025.14
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    JEL classification:

    • I18 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
    • J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • L23 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Organization of Production

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