IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/trapol/v18y2011i5p665-675.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Vessel and voyage determinants of tanker freight rates and contract times

Author

Listed:
  • Alizadeh, Amir H.
  • Talley, Wayne K.

Abstract

The behavior of shipping freight (charter) rates and the timing of shipping contracts affect the transportation costs of charterers and the operating cash flows of shipowners. Although the literature has established macroeconomic determinants of shipping freight rates, there has been no systematic investigation of microeconomic determinants of freight rates and the delivery time of chartered ships (the laycan period) in the tanker market. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to investigate the importance of vessel and contract specific factors in the determination of tanker freight rates and laycan periods in shipping contracts. Individual tanker shipping contracts from January 2006 to March 2009 are used to estimate freight rates and laycan periods using a system of simultaneous equations. The estimation results suggest that the duration of the laycan period is an important determinant of the shipping freight rate and vice versa. Other determinants of freight rates include the vessel's hull type, fixture deadweight utilization ratio, vessel age, and voyage routes. Determinants of the laycan period include the former determinants as well as the Baltic Dirty Tanker Index and its volatility.

Suggested Citation

  • Alizadeh, Amir H. & Talley, Wayne K., 2011. "Vessel and voyage determinants of tanker freight rates and contract times," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 18(5), pages 665-675, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:trapol:v:18:y:2011:i:5:p:665-675
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X11000023
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. George Dikos & Henry S. Marcus & Martsin Panagiotis Papadatos & Vassilis Papakonstantinou, 2006. "Niver Lines: A System-Dynamics Approach to Tanker Freight Modeling," Interfaces, INFORMS, vol. 36(4), pages 326-341, August.
    2. Siri Pettersen Strandenes, 1999. "Is there potential for a two-tier tanker market?," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(3), pages 249-264.
    3. Tamvakis, Michael N. & Thanopoulou, Helen A., 2000. "Does quality pay? The case of the dry bulk market," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 297-307, December.
    4. Hausman, Jerry, 2015. "Specification tests in econometrics," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 38(2), pages 112-134.
    5. Manolis G. Kavussanos & Amir H. Alizadeh-M, 2002. "The Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure and Risk Premiums in Dry Bulk Shipping Freight Markets," Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, University of Bath, vol. 36(2), pages 267-304, May.
    6. Batchelor, Roy & Alizadeh, Amir & Visvikis, Ilias, 2007. "Forecasting spot and forward prices in the international freight market," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 101-114.
    7. White, Halbert, 1980. "A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 48(4), pages 817-838, May.
    8. Davidson, Russell & MacKinnon, James G., 1993. "Estimation and Inference in Econometrics," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780195060119, Decembrie.
    9. Newey, Whitney & West, Kenneth, 2014. "A simple, positive semi-definite, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 33(1), pages 125-132.
    10. Jarque, Carlos M. & Bera, Anil K., 1980. "Efficient tests for normality, homoscedasticity and serial independence of regression residuals," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 6(3), pages 255-259.
    11. Adland, Roar & Cullinane, Kevin, 2006. "The non-linear dynamics of spot freight rates in tanker markets," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 42(3), pages 211-224, May.
    12. Manolis G Kavussanos, 2003. "Time Varying Risks Among Segments of the Tanker Freight Markets," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 5(3), pages 227-250, September.
    13. Veenstra, Albert Willem & Franses, Philip Hans, 1997. "A co-integration approach to forecasting freight rates in the dry bulk shipping sector," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 31(6), pages 447-458, November.
    14. Gerald G. Brown & Glenn W. Graves & David Ronen, 1987. "Scheduling Ocean Transportation of Crude Oil," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 33(3), pages 335-346, March.
    15. Roar Adland & Kevin Cullinane, 2005. "A Time-Varying Risk Premium in the Term Structure of Bulk Shipping Freight Rates," Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, University of Bath, vol. 39(2), pages 191-208, May.
    16. D. R. Glen & B. T. Martin, 1998. "Conditional modelling of tanker market risk using route specific freight rates," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(2), pages 117-128, January.
    17. D V Lyridis & P Zacharioudakis & P Mitrou & A Mylonas, 2004. "Forecasting Tanker Market Using Artificial Neural Networks," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 6(2), pages 93-108, June.
    18. Risto Laulajainen, 2008. "Operative strategy in tanker (dirty) shipping," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(3), pages 313-339, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Alexandridis, George & Kavussanos, Manolis G. & Kim, Chi Y. & Tsouknidis, Dimitris A. & Visvikis, Ilias D., 2018. "A survey of shipping finance research: Setting the future research agenda," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 164-212.
    2. Wenming Shi & Zhongzhi Yang & Kevin X. Li, 2013. "The impact of crude oil price on the tanker market," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(4), pages 309-322, July.
    3. Hamza Bouzekri & Gülgün Alpan & Vincent Giard, 2019. "Modélisation des problèmes de l’allocation des planches et des postes à quai," Post-Print hal-02277658, HAL.
    4. Prochazka, Vít & Adland, Roar & Wolff, François-Charles, 2019. "Contracting decisions in the crude oil transportation market: Evidence from fixtures matched with AIS data," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 37-53.
    5. Adland, Roar & Jia, Haiying & Strandenes, Siri P., 2018. "The determinants of vessel capacity utilization: The case of Brazilian iron ore exports," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 191-201.
    6. Adland, Roar & Alger, Harrison & Banyte, Justina & Jia, Haiying, 2017. "Does fuel efficiency pay? Empirical evidence from the drybulk timecharter market revisited," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 1-12.
    7. Adland, Roar & Cariou, Pierre & Wolff, Francois-Charles, 2017. "What makes a freight market index? An empirical analysis of vessel fixtures in the offshore market," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 150-164.
    8. Adland, Roar & Cariou, Pierre & Wolff, François-Charles, 2018. "Does energy efficiency affect ship values in the second-hand market?," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 347-359.
    9. Adland, Roar & Cariou, Pierre & Wolff, Francois-Charles, 2016. "The influence of charterers and owners on bulk shipping freight rates," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 69-82.
    10. Roar Adland & Haiying Jia, 2017. "Simulating physical basis risks in the Capesize freight market," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 19(2), pages 196-210, June.
    11. Klepikov, Vladimir Pavlovich & Klepikov, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 2020. "Quantitative approach to estimating crude oil supply in Southern Europe," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    12. Jiao Zhang & Qingcheng Zeng, 2017. "Modelling the volatility of the tanker freight market based on improved empirical mode decomposition," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(17), pages 1655-1667, April.
    13. Payman Eslami & Kihyo Jung & Daewon Lee & Amir Tjolleng, 2017. "Predicting tanker freight rates using parsimonious variables and a hybrid artificial neural network with an adaptive genetic algorithm," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 19(3), pages 538-550, August.
    14. Roar Adland & Pierre Cariou & François-Charles Wolff, 2018. "Comparing transaction-based and expert-generated price indices in the market for offshore support vessels," Working Papers halshs-01843720, HAL.
    15. Gu, Bingmei & Liu, Jiaguo, 2022. "Determinants of dry bulk shipping freight rates: Considering Chinese manufacturing industry and economic policy uncertainty," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 66-77.
    16. Adland, Roar & Alizadeh, Amir H., 2018. "Explaining price differences between physical and derivative freight contracts," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 20-33.
    17. Regli, Frederik & Nomikos, Nikos K., 2019. "The eye in the sky – Freight rate effects of tanker supply," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 402-424.
    18. Zhang, Yi, 2018. "Investigating dependencies among oil price and tanker market variables by copula-based multivariate models," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 435-446.
    19. Bai, Xiwen & Lam, Jasmine Siu Lee & Jakher, Astha, 2021. "Shipping sentiment and the dry bulk shipping freight market: New evidence from newspaper coverage," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Amir Alizadeh & Wayne Talley, 2011. "Microeconomic determinants of dry bulk shipping freight rates and contract times," Transportation, Springer, vol. 38(3), pages 561-579, May.
    2. Payman Eslami & Kihyo Jung & Daewon Lee & Amir Tjolleng, 2017. "Predicting tanker freight rates using parsimonious variables and a hybrid artificial neural network with an adaptive genetic algorithm," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 19(3), pages 538-550, August.
    3. Alizadeh, Amir H., 2013. "Trading volume and volatility in the shipping forward freight market," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 250-265.
    4. Kavussanos, Manolis G. & Tsouknidis, Dimitris A., 2016. "Default risk drivers in shipping bank loans," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 71-94.
    5. Prochazka, Vít & Adland, Roar & Wolff, François-Charles, 2019. "Contracting decisions in the crude oil transportation market: Evidence from fixtures matched with AIS data," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 37-53.
    6. Xu, Jane Jing & Yip, Tsz Leung & Marlow, Peter B., 2011. "The dynamics between freight volatility and fleet size growth in dry bulk shipping markets," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 47(6), pages 983-991.
    7. Jiao Zhang & Qingcheng Zeng, 2017. "Modelling the volatility of the tanker freight market based on improved empirical mode decomposition," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(17), pages 1655-1667, April.
    8. Adrian C. Darnell, 1994. "A Dictionary Of Econometrics," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 118.
    9. Albert Veenstra & Jan van Dalen, 2011. "Fixtures-based Freight Rate Indices, and their Impact on Freight Rate Modelling in the Shipping Industry," Chapters, in: Kevin Cullinane (ed.), International Handbook of Maritime Economics, chapter 4, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    10. Manolis G. Kavussanos & Ilias D. Visvikis, 2011. "The Predictability of Non-Overlapping Forecasts: Evidence from a New Market," Multinational Finance Journal, Multinational Finance Journal, vol. 15(1-2), pages 125-156, March - J.
    11. Gerdesmeier, Dieter, 1996. "Die Rolle des Vermögens in der Geldnachfrage," Discussion Paper Series 1: Economic Studies 1996,05, Deutsche Bundesbank.
    12. Ioannis Tsamourgelis & Persa Paflioti & Thomas Vitsounis, 2013. "Seaports Activity (A)synchronicity, Trade Intensity and Business Cycle Convergence: A Panel Data Analysis," International Journal of Maritime, Trade & Economic Issues (IJMTEI), International Journal of Maritime, Trade & Economic Issues (IJMTEI), vol. 0(1), pages 67-92.
    13. Guilhem Bascle, 2008. "Controlling for endogeneity with instrumental variables in strategic management research," Post-Print hal-00576795, HAL.
    14. Russell Davidson & Victoria Zinde‐Walsh, 2017. "Advances in specification testing," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 50(5), pages 1595-1631, December.
    15. Amir H. Alizadeh & Roar Os Ådland & Steen Koekebakker, 2007. "Predictive power and unbiasedness of implied forward charter rates," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(6), pages 385-403.
    16. Adland, Roar & Cariou, Pierre & Wolff, Francois-Charles, 2017. "What makes a freight market index? An empirical analysis of vessel fixtures in the offshore market," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 150-164.
    17. Charles G. Renfro, 2009. "The Practice of Econometric Theory," Advanced Studies in Theoretical and Applied Econometrics, Springer, number 978-3-540-75571-5, July-Dece.
    18. Wolfgang Drobetz & Tim Richter & Martin Wambach, 2012. "Dynamics of time-varying volatility in the dry bulk and tanker freight markets," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(16), pages 1367-1384, August.
    19. Saeed, Naima & Nguyen, Su & Cullinane, Kevin & Gekara, Victor & Chhetri, Prem, 2023. "Forecasting container freight rates using the Prophet forecasting method," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 86-107.
    20. Basu, Sudipta & Markov, Stanimir, 2004. "Loss function assumptions in rational expectations tests on financial analysts' earnings forecasts," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 171-203, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:trapol:v:18:y:2011:i:5:p:665-675. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/30473/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.