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An overview on glycerol-free processes for the production of renewable liquid biofuels, applicable in diesel engines

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  • Calero, Juan
  • Luna, Diego
  • Sancho, Enrique D.
  • Luna, Carlos
  • Bautista, Felipa M.
  • Romero, Antonio A.
  • Posadillo, Alejandro
  • Berbel, Julio
  • Verdugo-Escamilla, Cristóbal

Abstract

Biodiesel is a biofuel obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats by transesterification with methanol, so that it offers a very promising alternative respect to diesel fuel, since it is able to provide a suitable substitute for the fossil diesel in unmodified internal combustion engines, pure or in blends. However, a major barrier exists to consolidate this conventional biodiesel, as the more suitable biofuel for the replacement of fossil fuel. This drawback is related to the significant amount of glycerol obtained as a byproduct in the transesterification process, which exceeds at least 10% by weight of oil used as raw material. Thus, future widespread use of biofuels depends on developing new process technologies to produce high quality transportation fuels from biologically derived feedstocks, which avoid this key handicap. These new biofuels, like the biodiesel, need to be also compatible with the fossil fuel as well as with existing transportation infrastructures to be economically feasible. In this respect, various alternative methods are currently under development to convert vegetable oils into a high quality diesel fuel, fully compatible with petroleum derived diesel fuel but avoiding the existing glycerol glut. The present review aims to explore the current state of available technologies and recent information in research, production practices and engineering developed to produce alternative high-quality diesel fuel from vegetable oils, by hydrotreating of triglycerides in conventional oil refineries (green diesel) as well as those novel biofuels that integrate glycerol into their composition ( Gliperol®, DMC-Biod® and Ecodiesel®) and the respective technologies for their productions. These very recent biofuels obtained from oils and fats, seek to achieve greater atom efficiency (ideally 100%) because nor glycerol neither other byproduct is generated, avoiding any purification treatment, so that the overall production process of the biofuel is in large extension simplified.

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  • Calero, Juan & Luna, Diego & Sancho, Enrique D. & Luna, Carlos & Bautista, Felipa M. & Romero, Antonio A. & Posadillo, Alejandro & Berbel, Julio & Verdugo-Escamilla, Cristóbal, 2015. "An overview on glycerol-free processes for the production of renewable liquid biofuels, applicable in diesel engines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 1437-1452.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:42:y:2015:i:c:p:1437-1452
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.007
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    3. Keon Hee Kim & Eun Yeol Lee, 2017. "Environmentally-Benign Dimethyl Carbonate-Mediated Production of Chemicals and Biofuels from Renewable Bio-Oil," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-15, November.
    4. Laura Aguado-Deblas & Jesús Hidalgo-Carrillo & Felipa M. Bautista & Diego Luna & Carlos Luna & Juan Calero & Alejandro Posadillo & Antonio A. Romero & Rafael Estevez, 2020. "Diethyl Ether as an Oxygenated Additive for Fossil Diesel/Vegetable Oil Blends: Evaluation of Performance and Emission Quality of Triple Blends on a Diesel Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-16, March.
    5. He, Quan (Sophia) & McNutt, Josiah & Yang, Jie, 2017. "Utilization of the residual glycerol from biodiesel production for renewable energy generation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 63-76.
    6. Sedghi, Reza & Shahbeik, Hossein & Rastegari, Hajar & Rafiee, Shahin & Peng, Wanxi & Nizami, Abdul-Sattar & Gupta, Vijai Kumar & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Lam, Su Shiung & Pan, Junting & Tabatabaei, Meisam & A, 2022. "Turning biodiesel glycerol into oxygenated fuel additives and their effects on the behavior of internal combustion engines: A comprehensive systematic review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    7. Julio Berbel & Alejandro Posadillo, 2018. "Review and Analysis of Alternatives for the Valorisation of Agro-Industrial Olive Oil By-Products," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-9, January.
    8. Rafael Estevez & Laura Aguado-Deblas & Francisco J. López-Tenllado & Carlos Luna & Juan Calero & Antonio A. Romero & Felipa M. Bautista & Diego Luna, 2022. "Biodiesel Is Dead: Long Life to Advanced Biofuels—A Comprehensive Critical Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-39, April.
    9. Simões, S.S. & Ribeiro, J.S. & Celante, D. & Brondani, L.N. & Castilhos, F., 2020. "Heterogeneous catalyst screening for fatty acid methyl esters production through interesterification reaction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 719-726.
    10. Szabados, György & Bereczky, Ákos, 2018. "Experimental investigation of physicochemical properties of diesel, biodiesel and TBK-biodiesel fuels and combustion and emission analysis in CI internal combustion engine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 568-578.
    11. Okoye, P.U. & Hameed, B.H., 2016. "Review on recent progress in catalytic carboxylation and acetylation of glycerol as a byproduct of biodiesel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 558-574.
    12. Abraham Casas & Ángel Pérez & María Jesús Ramos, 2023. "Effects of Diacetinmonoglycerides and Triacetin on Biodiesel Quality," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-16, August.
    13. Monteiro, Rodolpho R.C. & Arana-Peña, Sara & da Rocha, Thays N. & Miranda, Letícia P. & Berenguer-Murcia, Ángel & Tardioli, Paulo W. & dos Santos, José C.S. & Fernandez-Lafuente, Roberto, 2021. "Liquid lipase preparations designed for industrial production of biodiesel. Is it really an optimal solution?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 1566-1587.
    14. Okoye, P.U. & Abdullah, A.Z. & Hameed, B.H., 2017. "A review on recent developments and progress in the kinetics and deactivation of catalytic acetylation of glycerol—A byproduct of biodiesel," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 387-401.
    15. Nor, Nurazira Mohd & Salih, Nadia & Salimon, Jumat, 2022. "Optimization and lubrication properties of Malaysian crude palm oil fatty acids based neopentyl glycol diester green biolubricant," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 942-956.
    16. Monteiro, Marcos Roberto & Kugelmeier, Cristie Luis & Pinheiro, Rafael Sanaiotte & Batalha, Mario Otávio & da Silva César, Aldara, 2018. "Glycerol from biodiesel production: Technological paths for sustainability," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 109-122.
    17. Ameen, Mariam & Azizan, Mohammad Tazli & Yusup, Suzana & Ramli, Anita & Yasir, Madiha, 2017. "Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of triglycerides: An approach to clean diesel fuel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 1072-1088.
    18. Rafael Estevez & Laura Aguado-Deblas & Alejandro Posadillo & Beatriz Hurtado & Felipa M. Bautista & José M. Hidalgo & Carlos Luna & Juan Calero & Antonio A. Romero & Diego Luna, 2019. "Performance and Emission Quality Assessment in a Diesel Engine of Straight Castor and Sunflower Vegetable Oils, in Diesel/Gasoline/Oil Triple Blends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-13, June.
    19. Juan Calero & Diego Luna & Carlos Luna & Felipa M. Bautista & Beatriz Hurtado & Antonio A. Romero & Alejandro Posadillo & Rafael Estevez, 2019. "Rhizomucor miehei Lipase Supported on Inorganic Solids, as Biocatalyst for the Synthesis of Biofuels: Improving the Experimental Conditions by Response Surface Methodology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-15, March.
    20. Tamilselvan, P. & Nallusamy, N. & Rajkumar, S., 2017. "A comprehensive review on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel fuelled diesel engines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 1134-1159.

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