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Modified waste egg shell derived bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production from high FFA waste cooking oil. A review

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  • Mansir, Nasar
  • Teo, Siow Hwa
  • Rashid, Umer
  • Saiman, Mohd Izham
  • Tan, Yen Ping
  • Alsultan, G. Abdulkareem
  • Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin

Abstract

Global energy crisis are as a result of gradual depletion of fossil fuel reserves, coupled with population growth in developing countries. Besides, fossil fuels are not environmentally benign as they are associated with problems, i.e. global warming, high toxicity and non biodegradability, hence it is considered as non sustainable source of energy. Without doubt, biofuel-based energy is a promising long-term energy source that can reduce the over dependence on fossil fuels as a result of feedstocks availability and renewability. However, biodiesel production from vegetable oil using the traditional homogeneous catalytic system is no longer defensible by industries in the near future, particularly due to food-fuel rivalry and ecological problems related to the conventional homogeneous catalytic system. This review presents a comprehensive step by step process of converting waste cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel, using modified waste egg shell catalyst. The modified waste egg shell derived bi-functional catalyst could easily be removed from the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with limited environmental effects. The new modified catalytic system is able to convert the high free fatty acid (FFA) content waste cooking oil to FAME efficiently under moderate reaction conditions. Utilization of waste cooking oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production will reduce the food security issues that stem the biodiesel production from food-grade oil. Moreover, it will reduce the total production cost of the FAME due to its low cost. The major objective of this article is to demonstrate the current state of the use of heterogeneous bifunctional acid/base catalyst to produce biodiesel from green and non-edible waste cooking oil. At the end of the article, perspectives and future developments are also presented.

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  • Mansir, Nasar & Teo, Siow Hwa & Rashid, Umer & Saiman, Mohd Izham & Tan, Yen Ping & Alsultan, G. Abdulkareem & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin, 2018. "Modified waste egg shell derived bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production from high FFA waste cooking oil. A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3645-3655.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:82:y:2018:i:p3:p:3645-3655
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.098
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    4. Mia Gotovuša & Ivan Pucko & Marko Racar & Fabio Faraguna, 2022. "Biodiesel Produced from Propanol and Longer Chain Alcohols—Synthesis and Properties," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-21, July.
    5. Zhang, Wei & Wu, Jinquan & Yu, Senshen & Shen, Ying & Wu, Yamin & Chen, Biqiang & Nie, Kaili & Zhang, Xu, 2020. "Modification and synthesis of low pour point plant-based lubricants with ionic liquid catalysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 1320-1329.
    6. Teo, Siow Hwa & Islam, Aminul & Mansir, Nasar & Shamsuddin, Mohd Razali & Joseph, Collin G. & Goto, Motonobu & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin, 2022. "Sustainable biofuel production approach: Critical methanol green transesterification by efficient and stable heterogeneous catalyst," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    7. Gurunathan Manikandan & P. Rajesh Kanna & Dawid Taler & Tomasz Sobota, 2023. "Review of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) as a Feedstock for Biofuel—Indian Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-17, February.
    8. Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, Homa & Nizami, Abdul-Sattar & Kalogirou, Soteris A. & Gupta, Vijai Kumar & Park, Young-Kwon & Fallahi, Alireza & Sulaiman, Alawi & Ranjbari, Meisam & Rahnama, Hassan & Aghbashl, 2022. "Environmental life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: A systematic review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
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    14. Vargas, Edgar M. & Ospina, Lizeth & Neves, Márcia C. & Tarelho, Luís A.C. & Nunes, Maria I., 2021. "Optimization of FAME production from blends of waste cooking oil and refined palm oil using biomass fly ash as a catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 1637-1647.
    15. Das, Oisik & Babu, Karthik & Shanmugam, Vigneshwaran & Sykam, Kesavarao & Tebyetekerwa, Mike & Neisiany, Rasoul Esmaeely & Försth, Michael & Sas, Gabriel & Gonzalez-Libreros, Jaime & Capezza, Antonio , 2022. "Natural and industrial wastes for sustainable and renewable polymer composites," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    16. Haris Mahmood Khan & Tanveer Iqbal & Saima Yasin & Muhammad Irfan & Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas & Ibham Veza & Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar & Anas Abdelrahman & Md. Abul Kalam, 2022. "Heterogeneous Catalyzed Biodiesel Production Using Cosolvent: A Mini Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-11, April.
    17. Vargas, Edgar M. & Neves, Márcia C. & Tarelho, Luís A.C. & Nunes, Maria I., 2019. "Solid catalysts obtained from wastes for FAME production using mixtures of refined palm oil and waste cooking oils," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 873-883.
    18. Le-Phuc, Nguyen & Tran, Tri V. & Phan, Thien T. & Ngo, Phuong T. & Ha, Quan L.M. & Luong, Thuy N. & Tran, Thinh H. & Phan, Tuan T., 2021. "High-efficient production of biofuels using spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts and high acid value waste cooking oils," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 57-63.
    19. Petchsoongsakul, Nattawat & Ngaosuwan, Kanokwan & Kiatkittipong, Worapon & Wongsawaeng, Doonyapong & Assabumrungrat, Suttichai, 2020. "Different water removal methods for facilitating biodiesel production from low-cost waste cooking oil containing high water content in hybridized reactive distillation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1906-1918.
    20. N, Santhosh & Afzal, Asif & V, Srikanth H. & Ağbulut, Ümit & Alahmadi, Ahmad Aziz & Gowda, Ashwin C. & Alwetaishi, Mamdooh & Shaik, Saboor & Hoang, Anh Tuan, 2023. "Poultry fat biodiesel as a fuel substitute in diesel-ethanol blends for DI-CI engine: Experimental, modeling and optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).

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